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THE GREEN lOONTAIN STATE. ^ 



THE TUTTLE COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, RUTLAND, VT. 



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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

UNIXrD STATES OF AMERICA. 




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l^N 



THE VERMONT STATE FLOWER. 




Laws of 1894, No. 159, Section 178, Vermont Statutes. 

An Act to Select a State FloAver. 

Section 1. The State riower of Vermont shall be the Eed 
Clover. 
Approved November 9, 1894. 



Like a leaf of beaten gold, 
Tremulous to breathing air, 

Lies the rudely clover field 
Yielding odors, rich and rare. 



THE 



VERM ONT 

Primary Historical Reader 

— AND — 

lessons on llie Geography of Vermont, 

— WITH — 

NOTES ON CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



IN TWO PARTS. 



'^^ ' IIIN 

EDWARD CONANT, A. M., "'^'^ 

Principal of the State Normal Scliool at Randolph, Y%^^f- 



PUBLISHED BY 

THE TUTTLE COMPANY, RUTLAND, VT. 

1895. 






Copyrigbted, 1895, by 






PREFACE. 



This book has been made for the boys and girls of 
Vermont, in the hope that it will both please and 
profit them. It has been illustrated with many cuts 
to hold the attention and interest of the scholars. 
Part I. contains an outline history of the State and 
selections in prose and verse, illustrating the spirit 
and life of its people. The selections are mostly from 
Vermont writers. 

There seems to be a call for a work of this kind, for 
it is vastly more important to our children and youth, 
as rising- members of towns and States, to learn some- 
thing of their own town, county and State, than of 
any other or all others put together, and there can be 
no better preparation for obtaining a knowledge of 
our country, or the world at large, than through an 
acquaintance with the history of our native State. 
Children, while reading, will learn of important his- 
torical events without loss of time, develop a love 
for the old Green Mountain State, and thus become 
loyal to its memory in after life. 

There are sketches of the lives of great men, such 
as the Aliens, Gov. Chittenden, and Judges Chipman 
and Harrington ; and there are stories of common 
people, that show us much of what the early Ver- 
monters really were. 

The material of this part has been drawn from 
many sources. Among them may be named: Park- 
man's The Old Regime in Canada, The Narrative of 
the Captivity of Stephen Williams, D. P. Thompson's 



4 PREFACE. 

History of Montpelier, Caverly's History of Pittsford, 
Weeks' History of Salisbury, B. H. Hall's History of 
Eastern Vermont, Hiland Hall's Early History of 
Vermont, Dr. Williams' History of Vermont, Thomp- 
son's Vermont, and Miss Hemenway's Vermont His- 
torical Gazetteer. Valuable assistance has been 
rendered in making selections for the book and in 
simplifying for children some of the prose selections, 
by Mrs. Mary Putnam Blodgett and by Miss Ella 
L. Ferrin. The biographical sketches of nine distin- 
guished Vermonters were prepared by Miss Grace L. 
Conant. These are indicated, in the table of contents, 
by the initials " G. L. C." 

Hon. D. K. Simonds, Hon. A. N. Adams, Hon. J. 
D. Smith, Henry K. Adams, Esq., and Mrs. Luna 
Sprague Peck have furnished valuable articles, for 
which credit is given in connection with the articles. 

Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Messrs. Charles 
Scribner's Sons, and others, have kindly given consent 
for selections to be made respectively from Saxe's 
Poems, Mrs. Dorr's Poems, and from Uncle 'Lisha's 
vShop, for this book. 

The primai-y purpose of Part l\. is to furnish the 
teacher with material for oral instruction, and to 
bring out clearly, in the maps, the location of each 
town and county and their size and importance as re- 
lated to the other towns and counties in the State. 
It is assumed that the elementary notions of direc- 
tion, distance; earth, sky; land, water; hill, moun- 
tain, valley, plain ; stream, lake, and the like, have 
been gained by the pupils, through a study of the 
neighborhood in which they live, and that the use of 
maps has been learned by seeing and using them in 
their small geographies. The pupils will be interested 
in the study of their own county and all the others, 
by the help of the maps and the text in this book; and 



PREFACE. 5 

from the study of their own county, they should pro- 
ceed to the study of the others, and then take the 
State, as outlined in chapter 22. The studies in the 
geography of Vermont may be accompanied by map- 
drawing on paper and blackboard. 

The chapter on Civil Government is only intended 
to furnish a basis for oral lessons, and further knowl- 
edge is imparted in Conant's Vermont, which could 
not be included in the limited space of the primary 
book without crowding out valuable historical matter. 

Thanks are gladly tendered to many persons in the 
State who have kindly read proofs of various portions 
of the book, and have made valuable suggestions, 
which have been embodied in the book. 

Randolph, T/. , May, /Spj. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

Page . 

Preface 3 

PART I. 

Cbap. I.— First Tilings. Early History..' 9 

Fort St. Aune— Dollier d e Casson 13 

Cliap. II.— Red Men and White Men in Vermont 15 

Chap. Ill— The Story of a Raid 18 

Chap. IV. — Fort Dummer. Last French and Indian War. . 34 

Chap, v.— Settlements— East Side of Vermont 38 

Chap. VI —Settlements— West Side of Vermont 31 

Trouble about Land Claims 33 

Chap. VII.— Conflict. The Green Mountain Boys 35 

Benjamin Spencer 38 

Chap. VIII.— Troubles— East Side of Vermont. Town 

Meetings 40 

Westminster Massacre 43 

Chap. IX.— Vermonters as Rebels 44 

Whittier's Song of the Vermonters 45 

Chap X —The Revolutionary War 48 

Ethan Allen— G. L. C 51 

Hurrah for Old Ethan— C. L. Goodell 53 

Seth Warner— G L. C 54 

Remember Baker— G. L. C 57 

Robert Cochran- G. L C 58 

( hap. XL— Richard Wallace . . . ," 01 

Benjamin Everest 63 

How the Tories were Managed 65 

Major Whitcomb 6G 

Chap. XII —The State of Vermont 68 

Tlie Old Hazen Road 69 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 7 

Page . 
Vermout— (Poem)— From Poets aud Poetry 

of Vermont 70 

Chap. XIII— Sketches ami Poems 74 

Thomas Chittenden 74 

Ira Allen-G. L. C 76 

Dr. Jonas Fay— G. L. C 79 

The Heroes of '76— Martin Mattison 80 

The Parson's Daughter— Mrs. J. C. R. Dorr. . 81 

Chap. XIV.— Making New Homes in the Woods 85 

The Cooley Brothers 85 

Daniel Hall 88 

Oliver and Snsannah Luce 89 

Eodolphus Reed 90 

Colonel Jacob Davis 91 

Chap. XV.— How the Settlers Lived 95 

How John Spafford went to Mill 96 

Early Clothing — Boots and Shoes 97 

Bear Hunting, etc 99-100 

Fish Story by Dr. WilHams 101 

Chap. XVI.— Vermont Judges. Nath'lChipman— G. L. C. 108 

Theophilus Harrington— G. L. C 105 

Little Jerry, the Miller— John G. Saxe 107 

A Listening Bird— Mrs. J. C. R. Dorr 109 

Chap. XVII. — Vermont at the Close of the Revolutionary 

War 110 

Early Schools of Vermont 113 

Brookfield Library 115 

War of 1812 and Course of Trade 118-119 

Chap. XVIII.— New Industries— Steel Squares— D. K. Si- 

monds 130 

Slate Industry— A. N. Adams 133 

Kaolin Works of Monkton— J. D. Smith 124 

Chap. XIX.— Marble and Granite Deposits 127 

Poverty Year— (1816) 129 

The Old Squire— G. B. Bartlett 130 

Daniel Webster on Stratton Mountain 131 



8 TA BLE OF CONTEXTS. 

TArtE. 

Chap. XX.— The Building of Eailroads 134 

The Ehyme of the Bail— John G Saxe 136 

The Civil War 13'J 

The American Flag 143 

Vermont at the World's Fair 144 

Chap. XXI.— Primitive Customs— H. K. Adams 14G 

Extract from Uncle 'Lisha's Shop— Rowland 

Robinson 149 

A Child's Thought -Mrs. J. C. R. Dorr 151 

PART II. 

Map of Vermont with Routes of Travel 154 

Chap. XXII.— Dates of Organization of Counties 155 

The Geography of Vermont, in 12 Divisions.. 15G 

Map of Vermont. Counties Outlined 103 

List of Towns, Cities, and Gores, bj- Counties 1G4 
Chap XXIII. — Counties in Detail : 

Windham Coimty 105 

Windsor County 170 

Orange County 175 

Caledonia County 178 

Essex County 181 

Orleans County 184 

Franklin County ''.87 

Grand Isle County 190 

Chittenden County 193 

Addison Countj^ 190 

Rutland County 200 

Bennington County 205 

Washington County 309 

Lamoille County 213 

Table of Events in History 210 

Chap. XXIV —Civil Government, Notes on 217 

Important Mountains in Vermont 225 

Questions on Vermont 220 




CHAPTER I. 

First Things— Early History. 

1. The State we live in is called 
Ycimont. Vermont is one of the 
United States. The United States is the country we 
live in, and it is a part of North America, We live in 
Vermont, We live in the United States, We live in 
North America. White people, black people and red 
people live in the United States. The white people are 
called Whites, The black people are called Negroes. 
The red people are called Indians, 

2. Once, many years ago, there were no white peo- 
ple, nor black people, in North America, Only red 
men, or Indians, lived here. Bat there were many 
white people in Europe, and many black people in Africa. 
3. Christopher Columbus was an Italian. 
He went to Spain, and with the help of the 
Queen and "^^^j^ ^^^ King of Spain he 
got sailors and ships, ;Hri''V'>^ and sailed 
west t-j find India in ^^^^^^ Asia, This ^ 
was in the year 1492. First he found the ; 






10 VERMONT inSTORWAL HEADER. 

islands between Nortli America and South America. 

Afterward lie found South America. 

4. John Cabot was born in Italy. 
He went to Bristol, England, and with*] 
some Englishmen he sailed 
west, and found Newfound- 
land and that part of North , 
America near it. When he / 
went back to England he 
told about the land he had 
seen, and that the sea, near the land, %J! "f 
was very full of iish. 

5. There were man)' fibhermen 
along the coast of Europe, and they 
sailed as far as Iceland for fish, writing history under 

DIFFICULTIES. 

When they heard there was better iishing where Cabot 
had been, some of them at once decided to go there. 
At tirst only a few started, then more, till as many 
as four hundred iishing vessels went from 
Europe to Newfoundland in one year. Before 
many years Frenchmen sailed through the 
Gulf of St. Lawrence, up the St. Lawrence Kiver, and 
returned homo afterwards. In 1G08, Samuel Cham- 
plain, a Frenchman, sailed up the St. Lawrence with a 
company of people, and settled at Quebec, Canada. This 
was the lirst permanent settlement by white men in 
Canada. People from Europe had then fished near 
Newfoundland for more than one hundred years. 






VERMONT HIS TO ETC AL HEADER. 

6. Before the .S~ -i^^^^ 

next spring, Cham- 
plain Iiadlieard from 
tiie Indians of a very 
hne lake toward the 
southwest ; and a s 
soon as he could get 
ready, he went to 
explore it. He came 
to the lake the third 

A c T ^ . LAKE CHAMPLAIN INDIAN. 

day of July, exactly a year from the heginning of hii 
, settlement at Que 



bee, and set sail on 

it the next day. He 

spent about three 

weeks in exploring 

the lake, which he 

called Lake Cliam- 

i^ plain. This was the 

^^ tirst exploration of 

ny part of Ver- 





^ mont by white men, 
and it was in 1609. 



EXPLORING VERMONT. 



Nearly sixty years 
after this time, the 
French bnilt a furt 
on Isle La Motte and called it Fort St. Anne, and sixty 
years after that they made a settlement at Chimney 
Point, in Addison. Thirty years after the settlement at 
Chimney Point, the French went back to Canada. 




NEAR FT ST. ANNE SITE. 



12 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 

7. Fort St. Anne was 'onilt in the summer of 1666. 
General M. de Tracy was then at the head of all the 
troops in Canada, and lie sent to the new fort a few sol- 
diers under Captain La Motte, from whom the island 
was named. General Tracy had 
been at the fort during the au- 
tumn. There was no chaplain at 
the fort, so General Tracy sent 
to Montreal and asked to have 
a priest sent from there to Fort 
St. Anne. 

8. The priest, Dollier de Casson, had come fron:» 
France the summer before and was then in Montreal. 
Dollier was a large man and ycvy strong and active. It 

^f^(f\-,^ was said that he could hold his 

arms out level at full length with 
a man sitting on each hand. 
Once he was in an Indian camp 
s:tying his prayers when an In- 
dian came up to stop him. He 
knocked the Indian down witl.i- 
out rising from his knees and 
went on praying. He was not 
very well when the word came 
for him to be ready to go 
He had just come from tiie 
country of the Mohawk Indians, where he had been 
with an army of the French. Ho was nearly worn 
out and he had a lame knee. He tried bleeding 




Anne. 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 13 

for a cure, and was bled till lie fainted away. When 

lie eaiiie to his senses lie found two soldiers in the 

room, who told him tliey were goin^ to Fort Chambly. 

That was on the way towards Fort St. 

Anne, and after resting a day lie went "^"^S^^"^ 

M'ith them. At Fort Chambly he asked 

to have some soldiers go with him. At 

first the otiieer in charge of the fort would not send 

.dd?lTMF>~r^\ ftiiy ! but when Doliier said he would 

^f i'f' I'C ''^'^^^s. ^ go alone if the men were not sent, 

\ y ten soldiers and an officer were sent 

^ A f T^:"^— with him. 




'ff 



A 



"V 



snow was deep, it being then winter, 
and they traveled with snow-shoes on the ice of 
the Hiciielieu River and of Lake Cluimplain. 
On the way one of tlie soldiers fell through the 
, '' ice. The other soldiei'S were afraid to go to help him, 
but Doliier went to his aid and pulled him out of the 
water. The priest had never worn snow-shoes before, 
and he carried a heavy load. So with his lame knee 
and loss of blood the march was very painful to him. 

10, He was much needed at the fort, as two 
men had just died and others were at the point of death. 
So when the men in the fort saw him coming and knew 
by his clothes that ho was a priest, they were glad and 
all who could do so went out to meet him. They took 
his load and helped him to the fort. He first made a short 
praj'er, then went round to all the sick, and then dined 
NvitJi the officers. The life in the fort was not new to 




14 VERMONT HLSTOBICAL BEADER. 

Dollier. He had been a soldier in En- 
rope and was a l)etter priest because 
of it. He was a lively person, fond 
of jesting and mirth. His cheerfulness 
and his skill were veiy useful now. 

11. The men at Fort St. Anne that winter had 
nothinoj to eat bnt salt pork and half-spoiled flour. Tiieir 
vinegar had leaked i'rom the barrel and the casks that 
they thought to be full of brandy Avere found to be 
filled with salt water. Tiie scurvy broke out. Forty 
men out of the sixty in the fort were sick with it. Day 
and night Dollier and a young doctor cared for them. 
During tiie winter eleven men did, and a]l suffered very 
much. 

12. One day early in the spring, Indians were seen 
coming towards the fort and the men made ready to 
defend themselves as well as they could. But the In- 
dians were friendly, and there was no fighting. 

13. This was the first winter spent Ijy white men 
in Vermont. 






CHAPTEE II. 
Red Men and White Men in Vermont. 

1. Very few Indians lived in Yermont when wliite 
men fii'st came liere. Hunting parlies and wai- parties 
often passed throngli, and sometimes a party would 
camp all summer in a good place. One such place Avas 
in Newbury, where the Indians raised corn on the Ox 
Eow, so called, and another place was beside Seymour 
Lake, in Morgan, where there was good fishing, and 
another was in Shelijurne, at the mouth of the La Platte 
River. 

2. After the Frcncli 
came to Canada, the 
Indians had a town for 
many years by the 
lower falls of the Mis- 
sisquoi River, n e a r 
where the village of 
Swanton now is. From 
that center many raid- 
ing parties were sent out against the settlers in Massa- 
chusetts, New ILimpshire and New Yoi-k. They re- 




MISSISQUOI RIVER, 



n VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 

lurncd sometimes with prisoners and scalps; some- 
times fewer in nuniber and sick or wounded. Here 
the Frencli had a mission and a church, and liere they 
Iniilt a saw mill, which was burned by rangers from the 
English settlements during the French and Indian war. 
3. During the year that Quebec was settled, some 
English people went from England to Holland that they 
might be free to worship God in tiie way they thought 
right. In 1620, a part of them left Holland and came 
to Plymouth, in Massachusetts. They were called Pil- 
grims. 

4. Englishmen came to Virginia 

two years before Samuel Champlain 

came to Lake Ciiamplain, and negroes 

were brought to Virginia and sold for 

viRGiN^TsETTLERs. slavcs onc year before the Pilgrims 

came to Plymouth. 

5. So, in 1620, both white men and black men had 
begun coming to the United States. Other people came 
from England to Massachusetts and many were born in 
Massachusetts, so tliat there was not room enough for 
them all near the sea, and some went back from the sea 
and settled beside the Connecticut lliver. 

6. One of the towns on the Connecticut was North- 
tield, Mass., which extended further north than it does 
)io\v and took in a great meadow of many acres in what 
is now the town of Vernon, Vermont. On that meadow 
was the-iirst settlement by English people in Vermont. 
That was as early as 1690. 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 



17 



W- ^^^i'^^^ 



w=;r^s,^^^_ 7. In tlic year 

1690, H party of 
Ei)glislimeii from 
Albany, New York, 
Imilt a small stone 
fort at Chimney 
Point. It was only 
used as a stopping 
l)lace for parties 
])assing- tliat way. 
There was no settle- 
-^_ mcnt at the place 
till the French came 

THE INDIANS AND THEIR 

HOUSES -THE OPENING tlicre lorty years 

AT TOP FOR SMOKE. , , 

later. 



8. The settlements in Southeastern Vermont did not 
increase rapidly. There was land to the sontli, on both 
sides of the Connecticut, to be settled; and the Indians 
were so savage and active that it was not safe for a few 
people to go far away from the older towns. 

9. The people in the English settlements were not 
idle. They sent out parties very often to search for 
hostile Indians, and to go to the settlements ,of the 
French and destroy them if they conld. 



j>>VQa/^ '=s;^ /13 ,-?. j=ir 



.i^ '\7^-<' 




:^-'^'^ 




CHArTER III. 
The Story of a Raid. 

. 1. In April, ITIO, Captain Benjamin Wright, witli 
Lieutenant John Wells and fourteen men, started from 
Deerfield, Massachusetts, to go to Canada and do the 
Indians and the French all the hurt thcv were able to do. 




WINOOSKI RIVER AT MIDDLESEX NARROWS. 

2. The story was told nearly in this way : " We went 
up the Connecticut River to tlie month of the Wiiite 



VERMONT HTSTORICAL READER. !£> 

River. There we found two bark canoes, and left six 
men to watch for the Indians to come for the canoes. 
The rest of the party went up tlie White River by the 
northwest way, as it was called ; then to the Winooski» 
and down that to the lower falls. There we built two- 
canoes, with which we went down to Lake Champlain^ 
and waited a day or two, because the wind blew very 
hard. One evening we saw a tire on the other side of the- 
lake, and, thinking theie were Indians there, we rowed 
towards the light. While we were on the water a 
thunder shower came up, putting out the light. AVa 
reached the shore after much hard work, and turned ui> 
our canoes for shelter. 

3. The next morning we made search for the fire,, 
but did not find it, nor any sign of Indians. We thens 
went toward Canada in our canoes, till near night, after 
which we had to wait a whole day on account of tlie 
wind. Soon after startino: we saw eight Indians in two- 
canoes coming towards us. 

E rowed behind a 
point of land, drew up 
our canoes, and hid by 
the shore. When the 
Indians came near wo- 
hred upon them, and 
one Indian jumped 
overl)oard. As wc kept 
tiring, they paddled 
away with all speed. 




WHERE THEY HID FROM INDIANS. 



-20 VEBMOyT HISTORICAL BEADER. 

and left tlic fellow that went overboard swimming about. 
When they were beyond the reach of our guns, the 
two canoes 
c a ni e t o - 
gether, and 
iill the In- 
■tdians got in- 
to one canoe 
and paddled 
iiway. We 
killed and scalped the Indian that was left. 

5. AVe then went acroes the lake to the Winooski 




THREE KINDS OF BOATS- 




and up the river to 
the gi'eat falls, 
where we left our 
( anoes a n d took 
our packs. At a 

WINOOSKI RIVER ABOVE THE FALLS, WHERE IN- \ „.,^i • .1 ^ ^. „. 

bend in the stream 

DIANS USED TO CAMP, NOW OCCUPIED BY MILLS. 

M-e took the short cut across, but on coming to the river 
iigain •we saw a canoe with four Indians and a captive 
%vhite man. We tired upon them, killing two and 
wounding one ; the other Indian swam ashore, but was 
^red upon and wounded also. 

6. Some of our men now followed the canoe that 
iloated down stream, and our captain called to the 
white man to come to us. Wo, said the Indian 
would not let him. The captain said, ' knock him on 



l^ERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 23 

the head and come.' The captive triod 
to do it with a hatchet, but tlie 
~^^^^ Indian took the liatehet 

away from him. AVhile tlicv- 
weie stniggiinor tlie canoe 
tipped over and tliey parted 
in the water. The Indian 
swam to the otlier side of tha 
river, where wo pinned 
him to the bank with 
seven bullets. 





7. The captive tried to swim to 
us, but the current carried hin> 
down stream. Seeing tliis, Lieuten- 
ant Wells threw down his. gun, ranc 
down the bank and helped the man 
out with a pole. John Strong,, 
who was on the bank, heard the 
dry sticks crack behind him, looked 
WHITE RIVER ponnd and cried out, ' Indians !' and 
was fired upon and wounded, but not mortally. 
Lieutenant Wells sprang up the bank to get 
his gun and was mortally shot. 

8. The captive said his name was William Moody, 
He was from Exeter. There were nineteen In- 
dians and four white captives in five canoes. Two- 
canoes were down the river and two were above. 
The Indians that fired upon us came from the canoe» 




-^2 VERMOXT IILSTOIilCAL HEADER. 

that were below. So inucli was quickly learned and we 

had to leave him. The Indians that were above landed 

on the otlier r ^ - -,. - — -'--^a^pgsgS a C9^* 

side of tlu 

river and 

iired upon us. ^ld homestead. 

AVe could not well defend ourselves, so each one looked 

ont for himself. Soon the captain and live others came 

tocrether and we went on. 

9. The next da}-, two more of our party joined us 
where we had hid some food, when we went down the 
river. John Burt of North 
ampton did not come, so we \\ 
left some food for him and 
started again. When we came \N 
to the White River, wo found 
the canoes where we left them 
and so went home. The six 
men we left at the mouth of 
the AYhite River were at home 
already. They had waited six days and then saw a canoe 
and two Indians coming down the Connecticut River. 
They fired and killed one Indian, but the otlicr got 
away. 

10. We heard afterwards, from prisoners who came 
back from Canada, that the Indians we had our battle 
with came together on the other side of the river, and 
that William Moody, who was not strong enough to 
follow us, called to them to take him with them. 




LAKE CHAMPLAIN. 



VERMONT IIISTOBICAL READER. 23 

An Indian caiTied Lim over and they tied liim to a tree 

T and burnt liini on 

the spot. WJien 

they arrived in 

I Canada they burnt 

\ ano th e r captive, 

I Andrew Gil man 

y name. John 

BELLOWS FALLS AND THE CONNECTICUT RIVER. 

back, and a man's bones and a pjun afterwards found 
near Bellows Falls were thoug-ht to be his." 



IV-fi^ 



CHAPTER IV. 
Fort Dummer— Early Settlements— French and Indian War. 

1. Scouting parties like that of Captain Wright 
were very usefn], but tlie}' did not stop the Indians 
going to Northfield and the towns near it ; so a 
fort was built in the southeast part of what is now 
Brattleboro in the spring of 1724, and was called 
Fort Dummer. The walls of the fort were made 




The _Perad<?- 
The Phisognomy oj" f^ort Du 



CollVWi/lardi 
houhe Built by 
S(| th» Province 




FORT DUMMER— FSOIvl AN OLD PLATE FOUND AT CONCORD, N- H. 
MADE MANY YEARS AGO. 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 25 

of pine logs, hewn square. They were twenty feet 
high, with boxes for watchmen at the corners on the 
top. They enclosed a third of an acre of ground, and 
tlure were several houses within the fort. 

2. In the fall of that year th.is fort was attacked by 
Indians, and several men were killed. 

3. Fort Dammer soon became a place for trade with 
the Indians. Their fm-s were bought and paid for in 
clothing, food, liquors, and such other English goods as 
they wanted. They could get more for their furs here 
tlian the French would give them, and they came in 
large numbers. 

4. So many more came by one path than by any 
other that it was. called the Indian road, and in 1730 a 
party was sent from Fort Dummer to explore it. They 
started one Monday in April, and traveled three miles 
to the mouth of the West River, where they stopped for 

the night. Thursday morning 
they were near Bellows Falls, and 
\ went up the Connecticut to the 
I Black Kiver. Saturday they passed 

through Ludlow. Sunday they 
icaclied the east branch of the- 
^ri Otter Creek. Monday they made 

— -^,__ _.^ canoes. Tuesday they did not 

OTTER CR£EK. ^^^^.^.^ becausc of the rain. Thurs- 

day they came to Lake Champlain. 

(2) 



26 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 

5. Tliej had traveled nine days, parti}" on foot and 
partly in canoes, and had gone about one hundred and 
thirty miles. One may go now from Brattleboro to 
Vergenncs, near the mouth of Otter Creek, by nearly 
the same route, in less than five hours. 

6. By this time the number of settlers south of Fort 
Dummer had become much greater, and a few settle- 
ments were made further north. One at Bellows Falls 
should be noticed, as the people %^ 
there, for several years, lived very ^ 
much by fishing. Shad then came ^ .^^^ 
up the Connecticut as far as tlie .y^ 
falls, but could not go higher up. --*'' 
Salmon, too, came up there, and 
went beyond into the streams that flow into the Con- 
necticut. At the falls was a good place to catch ihem, 
and tlie people liked fishing better than chopping, and 
they did not clear the land very fast. 






THE CONNECTICUT RIVER AT BELLOWS FALLS, WHERE THE EARLY SET- 
TLERS LIVED BY FISHING— THE SITE NOW OCCUPIED BY LARGE MILLS— 
THE FALL MOUNTAIN PAPER CO. HERE REPRESENTED. 

7. Soon after the settlement at Bellows Falls, the 
last French and Indian war began, and many of the 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 27 

people who were living north of Fort Dnmmcr went to 
safer places till the war was over. 

8. Both the French and the English had forts in 
New York, near the south end of Lake Champlain, and 
some of th.e greatest battles of the war were fought 
there. 

9. Many soldiers from the southern part of New- 
England went through Vermont on their way between 
their homes and the forte. During the last years of 
the war a road was cut through the woods from Lake 
Champlain, opposite Crown Point, to the mouth of the 
Black River. 



CHA.PTER V. 




Settlements on the East Side of the State. 

1. When the French and Indian war ended in 1760, 
the French had lost Canada ; the English had gained it. 

The country between Lake Cham- 
plain and the Connecticut River 
had become safe for settlement ; 
the people who had been driven 
from the towns north of Fort 
Dummer began to return. Other 
people came, and many went 
EARLY SETTLERS. furthcr aud settled in other towns. 

2. Colonel Jacob Bajley of Newbury, Massachusetts, 
who had seen service in the late war, obtained a grant 
of Lmd in the lower Cuos country, and began a settle- 
ment which he called Newbury two years after the war 
closed. 

3. Emmons Stockwell went into Canada with a raid- 
ing party during the war and returned through the 
M'oods to the head of the Connecticut river, following it 
nearly to his home in Massachusetts, He was pleased 
with tlie country he passed through and formed a party 
to settle in it. 

4. Early in the spring of 1764: they started with a 
stock of cattle and horses for the great meadows in Coos. 
When they got there they found Newbury already set- 



VJ:J!.\[0XT JirSTO/UCAL RHADER. 



29 





30 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 

tied. There were houses and a saw mill. There had 
boen a birth and a death and the settlers had called a 
minister to preach to them. 

5. Newbury was quite too old a town for Stock well's 
party, so thej went on to the upper Coos and set- ,5^ 
tied in what is now Guildhall. They were there 
early enough to plant seventeen 
acres of corn, which grew well ^^tr 
but was killed by the frost. 

6. The Indians of Canada did not forget this coun- 
try either. In the same year that Emmons Stockwell 
went to Guildhall Isaac Marsh and three other young 
men went from Connecticut to Sharon. Each one built 
a log house and began a clearing by cutting away the 
trees. Late in the fall the other three went back to 
their homes and left Marsh in care of the houses. 

7. Soon after they went away an Indian came from 
Canada with his wife and four children to hunt and 
trap. They lived in one end of Marsh's house through 
the winter and he lived in the other end. 

8. The road that had l)eL'n tnade from the Connec- 
ticut River to 
Lake Charaplain 
was now very 
useful. People 



settled beside it 

ROAD TOLAK£ CHAMPLAIN FROM ST. ALBANS. iu Spriughcld aud 

Cavendish. For this whole country the coming of peace 
liad been like the coming oF spring, or like the dawn of 
the morninir. 





CHAPTER VI. 
Settlements on the West Side of the State. 



UT the new settlements 
were not all in Eastern 
Vermont, Captain Sam- 
uel Robinson of Hardwick, 
Massachusetts, had passed 
through Bennington on his 
way from Lake George to 
his home, and was pleased 




EARLY HOUSES AND MILLS OF LOGS- 



with the place. He bought a right in the township and 
began the fii-st settlement made by Englishmen in West- 
ern Vermont, in March, 1T61. 

2. The men went first and made clearings and put the 
seed in the ground for crops. The women and children 




went later, in the green of Jane. This was the first 
township granted in Vermont by Benning Wentworth, 
the goveimr of New Hampshire, and it was named from 
him Bennington. 




33 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 

3. Ill Pownal, a settlement had been begun earlier 
by Dutclunen under the a^uthoritj of New York ; but at 
this time they were gone or going away, giving place to 
settlers upon a grant made by the governor of New 
Hampshire. 

4. John Potter came on 
foot from Rhode Island, in 
1762, while his wife rode a 
horse with a feather bed and 
^P sheet for a saddle. Jonathan 
BLACK BEAR. Card camo about the same 

time, and once, when his wife was at dinner, one of the 
children told their mother there was a bear in the pig- 
pen. She took a pitchfork that stood by the door, went 
to the pen and killed the bear. 

5. Arlington was settled in 1763, and Manchester 
in 1764, by people from New York. But these New 
Yorkers had bought their lands of New Hampshire and 
they were no more willing to pay again for them than 
were the people from the other colonies. 

6, During that year a bridle path 
was cut from Manchester to Danby, 
and the next s])ring Joseph Soper 
came by marked trees from New 
York with his family, bringing his 
clothing and other personal property 
on the back of his horse. He was there 
in season to attend a meeting held in 
Bennington in the fall of that year 




MARKED TREE. 



VEBMOXT HIHTORICAL EEADER 



33 




WE CAN HANDLE THE SWORD, OR THE SCYTHE, OR THE 
PEN."— H'/u'«ier. 

to clioose agents to present to tlie new governor of New 
York the claims of the people in Vermont to the lands 
they had bought and paid for and partly cleared. 

HE trouble about lands was this : What is 
now Vermont was claimed by both New 
Hampshire and New York people. The 
governor of New Hampshire had made 
grants of one hundred and thirty-eight 
townships west of the Connecticut River, 




y*^. 



^l 




34 VERMOXl HISTORICAL BEADER. 

when the King of England decided the eastern boundary 
of New York nortli of Massachnsetts to be the west 
bank of the Connecticut River. 

8. Then the gov- 
ernor of New York 
began to grant or 
deed the lands al- 
ready sold by the 
governor of New 
OLD WINDMILL. Hampshire in Ver- 

mont, and said the settlers must pay him again for their 
lands or must give them up. 

9. The people of Bennington and of the towns near it 
had bought their lands of the governor of New Hamp- 
shii-e. They were not willing to pay again or to give up 
their homes, and so the trouble began. Do you blame 
them? 

10. A new governor of New York, Sir Henry Moore, 
had just come to New York City from England, and the 
p( oplo sent Mr. Robinson of Bennington and Mr. French 
of Manchester, as their agents, to explain to him their 
side of the case, but he would not help them, and the 
dispute went on for twentj^-five years longer. 




CHAPTER YII. 



The Conflict on the V\ est Side of the State— Green mountain 
Boys. 



'Sf^ 



m>. 



^IlE people of Benning- 



ePir\!Acrtox\, 



-^ 



ton ]iad already 
formed a militia coin - 
pany. Other com- 
panies w ere no w 
formed in other towns. 
They were c a 1 1 e d 
'' Green Mo u n t a i n 
Boys," and the New 

_ Yorkers soon came t 

know them. Tlie governor of New York was trying to 
make the settlers on the New Hampshire Grants give np 
their lands, but they would not do it. 

2. Mr. James Breakenridge lived onVfarm in Ben- 
nington, next the New York line. That seemed to be a 
good place to begin action. A sheriff ^was sent from 
New York with three hnndi'ed men~to drive Breaken- 
ridge from his house. But the Green Mountain Boys 
lieard of his coming, and were in and near the house 
and were well armed. They would not give up the 
house. Many of the sheriU's men thought the Green 



36 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 





THE GREEN MOUNTAIN BOYS GATHERING. 

Mountain Boys were right and would not fight 'tliem. 
So the sheriff did not get the house, and had to return 
and report his bad hick. 

3. Sometimes the New Yorkers would 
try to get people who thought as they 
did to settle on the land they had bought. 
The town of Kupert had been granted by 
the governor of New Hampshire in 1761. Settlements 
were made a few years later. In 1Y71, the governor of 
New York granted or sold a part of this same land, 
which was owned by Robert Cochran. Tiio people who 
obtained the grant tried to have the land settled by their 
friends, but their men were driven off and their log 
houses were pulled down and burned. 

4:. The people who bought lands of the governor of 
New York wanted to irot them measured and would 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 37 

send men to survey and lay out tlieir lands for them. 
The Green Mountain Boys would hear of their coming 
and hunt them up and drive them away. William Cock- 
burn, one of these surveyors, was found one summer in 
the Otter Creek Valley, below Rutland, and was sent 
home. The next year he was found further north, on 
the Winooski River with a party surveying. Their 
com|»ass and chain were broken and they were taken 
to Castleton and sent home again. 

6. The year following, that of 
1773, Ira Allen was at a fort near 
the mouth of the Winooski River 
when he heard that Samuel Gale 
was surveying for the New Yorkers 
further up the river. Allen, with 
a small party, went across the coun- 
try to Newbury and back again, 
LAKE DUNMORE-ETHAN ALLEN liuuting f t)r him. Later, hc Icamcd 

HAD A CAVE ON THE ^ 

EAST SIDE. niore nearly where Gale was and 

with three others he took provisions and some spirits 
and went again to find him. Tliey found where he had 
run a line, and where he had stopped short without fin- 
ishing the line. They thought Gale had been gone 
about an hour. 

6. This man Gale was an Englishman and was then 
twenty-six years old. Only a few weeks before he had 
married Rebecca, daugliter of Colonel Samuel Wells of 
Brattleboro. He may have thought it would be better 




38 VERMONT HISTOBICAL READEB. 

for liini to go home and see Rebecca than it would be to 
meet the Green Mountain Bojs who were out gunning 
for him. 

Y. Vermont, west of the Green Mountains, was di- 
vided bj the government of New York between two 
counties. The towns at the south belonged to Albany 
county, those further north to Charlotte county. The 
county officers were appointed by the governor of New 
York and they tiied to make the people obey New York 
law and pay again for their land. So the Green Mount- 
ain Boys forbade men to hold county offices under New 
York. 

8. Benjamin Spencer of Clarendon, Yt., which was 
then called Durham, bought his land of the New York- 
■ers, and he held office as a New York justice. He tried 
to do what the law required him to do. He was told to 
stop, but he kept on. Then Ethan Allen, Remember 
Baker, Seth Warner, Robert Cochran, and more thnn 
one hundred others went to Clarendon, took Spencer 
prisoner, held court, 
tried him, found him 
guilty of holding land 
bought from New York 
and of holding a New 
York office. Then they early farmers- 

took off the roof of his house and would not let him 
put it on again till he had promised to b\iy his land 
from New Hampshire, and they did not set him free 
till he agreed not to hold office under New York any 
more. 




VERMONT HISTORICAL HEADER. 39 

9. In doing tliese things, the Green Mountain Boys 
broke tlie laws of New York. Thej were wanted at 
Albany for trial and punishment. The governor of 
New Yoi'k offered one hundred pounds (nearly five hun- 
dred dollars) apiece for Ethan Allen and Remember 
Baker, to anybody who would bring them to the jail in 
Albany, and fifty pounds apiece for Robert Cochran 
and five others. 

10. Ethan Allen and the others hearing of this, sent 
out a reply in which they said they would " kill and 
destroy " any persons who tried to take them. They 
were not taken. 



v>5n^\XVs<f(n\i?r\Tsit I's r rjffj. 




CHAPTER VIII. 

Troubles on the East Side of the State— Early Town 
Meetings. 

1. The land troubles were not all on the west side 
of the State. What is now the town of Yernon was 
then the town of IlinSdale. In 1766 one Lord How^- 
ard, an Englishman, asked the governor of New York 




for a grant of ten tliousand acres of land, partly in 
Hinsdale and partly in the next town w^est. Five years 
later the land was granted to him, hnt the people who 
lived there, and claimed the land, would not give it up. 
The people of Hinsdale, in 1771, said that the town 
was granted by Massachusetts ninety-nine years be- 
fore, that they had an Indian deed of it nearly as 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 41 

old, that tliey and their fathers had possessed it 
quietly near eighty years, that after the boundary line 
was run between Massachusetts and New flampshiro 
Hinsdale was found to be in New Planipshire, and that 
then the land was made sure to them by a grant from 
New Hampsliire. The matter was carried to tlie Board 
of Trade in England (as you must remember the Eng- 
lish claimed to control the country), wlio said that the 
people of the town of Hinsdale ought not to have been 
disturbed. 

2. There were other troubles in Cumberland county, 
New York, which at that time included the towns of the 
present Windham and Windsor counties, Vermont. 
Westminster was the shire town. 

3. In the spring of 1774 the British Parliament 
passed a bill to regulate the rrovince of Quebec, which 
gave to the people no power to control the government 
in any part. Lieutenant Leonard Spaulding of Dum- 
merston was heard to say that the King of England, if 
he signed that bill, would break his oath of office. The 
officers of the county thought Lieutenant Spaulding 
ought to be punished for saying so, and they had him 
taken to Westminster and put in jail to wait for trial. 

4. The next day the people of Dummerston held a 
town meeting on the Common, and chose a committee 
to correspond with other towns to find how they could 
better protect themselves from the commands of the 
British tyrant and his New York and other emissaries. 

(3) 




42 VERMONl HISTORICAL READER. 

The committee went to Westminster and tried to pro- 
cure tlie freedom of Lieutenant Spaulding, but did not 
succeed. Then, after talking the matter over with 
people who thought as 
they did, they gathered a 
company of men from 
Guilford, Halifax, Wil- 
mington, Dummerston on morey lake. 
and Putney, went to Westminster, made an opening in 
the wooden jail and let Lieutenant Spaulding out. 
Then they all went quietly to their homes. 

FEW weeks later the people of Dummerston, 
in town meeting, directed the proper offi- 
cers to get for the use of the town one 
hundred pounds of powder, two hundred 
pounds of lead, and three hundred flints for 
their muskets, and to collect potash salts 
enough to pay for them. The next February the town 
voted that the court, which was appointed to begin at 
Westminster the fourteenth day of March, be put off 
for a time. 

6. The county officers were determined that the 
court should be held at the appointed time ; these were 
called the Court party. The people who were deter- 
mined the court should not be held were called Whigs. 
Men of both parties came to Westminster Monday, 
March 13. Tiie Whigs went into the court house 
early, to stay there all night. At eleven o'clock Mon- 




VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 43 

day evening they were attacked by the Court party. 
Ten of their men were 
wounded ; two of tliem, both 
Dumraerston men, WiUiara 
French and Daniel Hough- 
ton, were mortally wounded, i 
Seven were taken prisoners. 
The Whigs who were not 
captured spread tlie news and 
called for help. Dr. Harvey 
rode to Dummerston that 
night without even stopping 
for a hat. In tlie morning the 
court was adjourned till June. 

7. Armed men came to the old court house at 

WESTMINSTER. 

Westminster from every direction. Before noon more 
than four hundred had come. The Whigs, who had 
been put in jail the night before, 
were set free, and as many of the 
Court party as could be caught were 
put in their places; The next dny, 
-. Wednesday, more men came, and 
P' among them, toward night, came 
|1|| Robert Cochran of llnpert with 
forty Green Mountain Boys. By 
Thursday morning live hundred sol- 
diers had come to Westminster. The 
^ last king's court had been held in 
SETTLERS GIVE THE ALARM. Cumberland county. 






CHAPTER IX. 



Vermonters as Rebels. 



1. The body ot" Willium French was buried in-tlie 
clmrchyard at Westminster, where his grave may now 
be seen. The head-stone bears these words : — 

N memory of William French, 
Son to Mr. Nathaniel French. Who 
was Shot at Westminster March ye 13tli, 
1775, by the hands of Cruel Ministeriel tools, 
of George ye 3d, in theCorthonseatall a Clock 
at Night, in the 32d year of his Age. 

Here William French his body lies. 
For Murder his Blood for Vengeance cries. 
King George the third his Tory crew 
tha with a bawl his head Shot threw. 
For Liberty and his Country's Good. 
He Lost his life, his Dearest blood. 

2. So the people on botli sides the Green Mount- 
ains have set themselves against the laws of New York 
and of the King of England, and will be treated by 
both as rebels unless they sliow gresit courage and 
power. 




VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 



45 




"hurrah for VERMONT! THE LAND WE TILL." 

'" TliG way they felt about it is well told by the poet 
Whittier in 




The Song of the Vermonters. 

''■^^^'^r^^O , all to the borders '. Vermouters, come down, 
With your breeches of deerskin, and jackets of 

brown; 
With your red woollen caps, and your mocca- 
sins, come 
To the gathering summons of trumpet and 
drum. 

Come down with j'our rifles 1 Let gray wolf and fox 
Howl on the shade of their primitive rocks : 
Let the bear feed securely from pig-pen and stall ; 
Here's two-legged game for your powder and ball. 

Does the "Old Baj- State" threaten? Does Congress com- 
plain ? 
Swarms Hampshire in arms on our borders again ? 
Bark the war-dogs of Britain aloud on the lake ? 
Let "em come I What they can. ihej are welcome to take ! 



46 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 

What seek they among lis ? The pride of our wealth 
Is comfort, contentment, and h\bor and health, 
And lands which, as freemen, we only have "trod. 
Independent of all, save the mercies of God. 

Yet we owe no allegiance ; we bow to no throne ; 
Our ruler is law, and the law is oiir own ; 
Our leaders themselves are our own fellow-men. 
Who can handle the sword, or the scythe, or the pen. 

Our wives are all true, and our daughters are fair, 

With their blue eyes, of smiles, and their light flowing hair ; 

All brisk at their wheels till the dark even-fall. 

Then blithe at the sleigh-ride, the husking, and ball. 

We've sheep on the hillside; we've cows on the plain ; 
And gay-tasseled corn-fields, and rank-growing grain ; 
There are deer on the mountains, and wood-pigeons flj' 
From the crack of oiir muskets, like cloiids on the sky. 

And there's fish in our streamlets and rivers, which take 
Their course from the hills to our broad-bosomed lake ; 
Through rock-arched Winooski the salmon leaps free, 
And the portly shad follows all fresh from the sea. 

Like a sunbeam, the pickerel glides through his pool. 
And the spotted trout sleeps where the water is cool ; 
Or darts from his shelter of rock and of root 
At the beaver's quick plunge, or the angler's pursuit. 

And ours are the mountains, which awfully vise. 
Till they rest their green heads on the top of the skies ; 
Ancl ours are the forests unAvasted, unshorn, 
Save where the wild path of the tempest is torn. 

And though savage and wild be this climate of ours. 

And brief be our season of fruits and of flowers ; 

Far dearer the blast round our mountains which raves. 

Than the sweet summer zepliyv whi<'h breathes over slaves. 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 



47 



Hurrah for Vermont ! for the land which we till 
Must have sons to defend her, from valley and hill ; 
Leave the harvest to rot on the field where it j^^rows, 
And the reaping of wheat for the reaping of foes. 

Come York or come Hampshire, come traitors and knaves, 
If ye rule o'er our land ye shall rule o'er our graves ; 
Our vow is recorded, our banner unfurled, 
In the name of Vermont we defy all the world! 




CHAPTEE X. 



The Revolutionary War— Brief Biographical Sketches. 

1. The people in the other colonies thougjit and felt 
very mnch as the Vermonters did. In Massachusetts 
they began to collect powder, lead and flints, as the 
people of Dnmmerston were doing ; they also collected 
flour and other supplies for war. In February, sup- 




THE BATTLE OF BUNKER S HILL. 
(Death of Gen. Warren.) 

plies had been gathered at Salem, Mass. British sol- 
diers" were sent to destroy tliem, but the people hindered 
the ''soldiers and saved the supplies. On the 19th of 
April the battles of Lexington and Concord were fought, 
the British were driven back to Boston, and the battle 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 49 

of Banker Hill followed on June 17. The Eevolution- 
ary War had begun. 

2. Ticonderoga was a strong fort on the west side 
of Lake Champlain, in New York State, opposite Shore- 
ham and Orwell, Vt. The British had the fort, the Amer- 
icans wished to take it from them, and a few men came 
from Connecticut and Massachusetts to Bennington, Vt.i 
to see what could be done. Ethan Allen and Setli War- 
ner, with the Green Mountain Boys, were ready for 
the undertaking, and before sunrise on the 10th of May 
Allen had surprised _the fort and taken it " in the name 
of tlie Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress." 
W:u-ner took Crown Point, N. Y., the next day. The 
A mericans kept Fort Ticon- 
deroga till the British army 
of Bnrgoyne came, more 
tlian two years later. 

Note. — The chief events 
of the Eevolutionary War, 
in Avhich Vermonters had a 
part, are told in the first four 
of the following sketches. In 
the other succeeding sketches 
are described some interest- 
ing l)ut less important events 
of the same war. The teacher 
will find a longer account of 
this war in Couant's Vermont, 
and will do well to tell 
more fully to her classes the 
stories of the war in Canada 
and of the battles of Hubbard- ^^n. Lafayette was a frenchman, who 

ASSISTED AMERICA DURING THE 

ton and Bennington. revolutionary war. 




60 



VERMONT HISTORICAL BEADEE. 




VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 



51 



SKETCHES OE :N0TED "GREEN MOUNTAIN 
BOYS." 



ETHAN ALLEN. 



3. 




in 1737. He was the oldest of eight children, and had 
little chance to go to scliool. About 1769 
he came to the New Hampshire Grants, 
living iirst at Bennington. He loved to be 
free, was strong and bold, and soon was a 
leader of the people as they stood for their 
rights against New York State. 

4. As the trouble grew, the men in 
that part of the Grants formed a regi- 
ment of soldiers, with Ethan Allen as colonel. They 
were called the " Green Mountain Boys." They made 
so much work for the New York sheriffs, who came to 
see about the lands, that the governor of New York 
offered a reward of one hundred pounds, English money, 
to any person who would take and give into his hands 
their leader, Ethan Allen. He came very near being 
caught more than once, but his quick wit always saved 
him. 

5. In 1775 Allen, with eighty-two of his men, 
crossed Lake Cham plain to Ticonderoga, N. Y., and, 
guided by a boy who knew the fort well, knocked at the 
door of Captain Dclaplace, the British commander. 
This was about four o'clock on tlie morning of May 10. 
The captain came rubbing his sleepy eyes to ask what 



52 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 



was wanted. Allen said that tlie captain must give up 
the fort "in the name of the Great Jehovah and the 
Continental Congress." Tliese strong words and the 
sword that Allen carried, and seemed ready to use, did 
what Allen hoped they would, for Captain Delaplacc 
was frightened and gave up the fort. 

6. After this Allen served on the lake and in 
Canada, but in September of this year he was taken 
prisoner at Montreal, Canada. He was taken over to 
England and back to J^ew York again, where he was 
given lip to the Americans by tlie British for one of 
their men, whom the Americans held. While he was 
a captive he was treated cruelly. His wit often helped 
him then. He said that once he was placed 
upon a ship, and that he went up on deck. 
The captain, a harsh man, told him to go 
below, adding that " none but gentlemen 
should walk that deck." 

7. In a little while Allen went up 

The captain was angry when he 

and asked him if he had not 

Sf been told not to come on deck. Allen 

E said, '' You told me that none but gentle- 



^ would be a very nice place for me, as I ain 
"*' a gentleman." He gained his point, and 
went on deck when he wished. 

8. After his return Congress rewarded 
"r sVpuNSr' l^i'« ^-^ l^^i^g ^0 brave while he was a 




l^-^^}^ saw him, 



VEMMONT HISTORICAL READER. 53 

captive, lie was again a leader of the people, and did 
much more to help tliem. He died in 1789 at his homo 
in Burlington, Vt. The State has placed a fine statue 
of him at the State House at Montpelier, and there is a 
fine monument at Burlington erected to show tliat Ver- 
mont honors this early leader. 

Hurrah for Old Ethan. 

1. Hurrah for old Ethan, 

The hero of Ti! 
Whose heart was most daimtless 

When danger was nigh. 
His sword was an army, 

His presence a host, — 
Who bokler and braver 

Can ehivahy boast ? 

2*. The lyre of the poet. 

The pen of the sage, 
May quicken the spirit. 

Enlighten the age. 
Still, the sword of the hero, 

When drawn for the truth, 
Is the pride of the aged. 

The glory of j^outh. 

3. Old Ethan, we love thee. 

Thou valiant and bold ; 
Thy name shall be spoken 

Where brave deeds are told. 
While bright skies bend o'er us. 

And pitre waters flow, 
In the name of old Ethan 

We'll to victory go. 



54 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 



Tlien let every freeman 

Eemember -nith joy 
The deeds of old Ethan, 

The Green Mountain Boy. 
From mountain and valley 

Let patriots cry, — 
" Hurrah for old Ethan, 

The hero of Ti!" 



SETH WARNER. 

1. In 1763 Dr. Benjamin Warner moved from Rox- 

bury, then Woodbury, Connecticut, to Bennington. He 

__ bad a son, Seth, who 

^ was at this time 

twenty years old. 

V " Seth Warner was 




^/ feet and two inches 
tall. He had a large 
frame and was rather 
thin in flesh. He 
was very strong and 
al)le to endure a 
great deal. When 
he went to Benning- 

HURRAH FOR OLD ETHAN, .^^^ ^^^^Qy.Q ^^^^ ^^dj 

THE HERO OF TI." 

game in the woods. He was soon one of the best hunt- 
ers tliere. 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 55 

2. He learned about the trouble with New York and 
was ready to work with the settlers of the New Hamp- 
shire Grants. When the Green Mountain Boys chose 
Ethan Allen colonel, they chose Seth Warner one of 
their captains. 

3. The New York governor soon saw that he M^as 
one of the best leaders of the Green Mountain Boys and 
offered a reward of fifty pounds for liim, yet he lived 
safely on his farm in the northwestern part of Benning- 
ton, about one mile from the New York line. 

4. Warner had shown what a good leader he was in 
his work for the Grants and he was ready to do his best 
for the country when war began with Great Britain. 
He took Crown Point the next day after Ethan Allen 
took Ticonderoga. 

5. Later, iu 1775, Warner went with his men to 
Canada and helped in the war there, then came back. 
In the winter of 1775 and 1776 he was called for again 
and helped this time in the long march from Quebec to 
Ticonderoga, as the American army gave up Canada. 
He and his men came last and picked up those who 
were sick or wounded, and helped those who could not 
get on by themselves. 



6. 



VEBMONT HISTORICAL BEADEB. 

At Hubbard- 




ton in 1777 Warner 
was commander and 
was gaining a victory 
when so many more 
men came to help the 
British that it was of 
no use for the Green 
Mountain Bojs to 
tight longer that day. 
So Warner told his 
men to go to Manches- 
ter as best they could 
and meet him there. 
Later he was with 
Stark at Bennington. hubbardton battle monument. 

7. But the body, strong as it seemed, could not en- 
dure so much without showing it. Warner had to give 
up active work after this. In 1784 he went back to his 
old home in Connecticut, hoping to be better there, but 
instead he grew worse and died in December of that 
year. 

8. People liked him because he was so kind. In war 
he was cool and careful, and so could be trusted. On a 
monument placed over liis grave these words are found : 

" Full sixteen battles did lie figlit, 
For to procure his country's right. 
Oh ! this great hero, he did lall 
By death, who ever conquers all." 




VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 57 

BEMEMBER BAKEB. 

1. lieinember Baker was a cousin of Ethan Allen. 
He lived in Connecticut. When he was but a child his 

father died. After this lie was put 
under the care of a man to learn the 
joiner's trade. Here he learned to read 
and write and learned something of 
aritlimetic. But he seemed not to like 
his trade veiy well, for he left it to go 
to the Frcncii and Indian war in 1756 
['*• or 1757. Mis work on Lake George 
BENNINGTON BATTLE Httd Lakc Chauiplain showed that he 

MONUMENT, , l ,. 

301 FEET HIGH, was a verj good soldier. 

2. Afterward he lived in Arlington and built there 
the first grist mill in Vermont north of Bennington. He 
was one of the captains of the Green Monntain Bojs, 
and was one for whom the governor of New York 
offered a reward of one hundred pounds. 

3. A man by tlie name of John Monroe wanted the 
mone3\ So he, with twelve or fifteen Yorkers to help 
him, went to Baker's house early in the morning, broke 
down the door, bound Baker and started with him in a 
sleigh toward Albany. But some of the Green Mount- 
ain Boys of Bennington heard about it and started so 
soon that they reached tiie Hudson River first and met 
the men coming with Baker. These men were so fright- 
ened that they left their prisoner and fled. 

"Oh! Johu Mouroe came on one day 
With all his Yorker train, 
And took Eemember Baker up, 
And— set him down again." 
(4) —Poets and Pocfnj of Vrrmont. 



58 VERMONT HISTOBICAL BEADEB. 

4. After tins Baker and Ira Allen went to the lower 
falls of the Winooski and built a block house. Baker's 
family went there to live. Baker started to bnild some 
mills near the falls, but the call came to help in the 
Revolutionary War before they were finished. 

5. Baker was with Ethan Allen at Ticonderoga 
and Crown Point. Later in the year he went toward 
Canada to see what the British were doing, and was 
shot by an Indian. So one of Vermont's leaders was 
taken away early in life, as Baker was not forty years 
old at the time he died. 

ROBERT COCHRAN. 

1 . Kobert Cochran came from Massachusetts to Ben- 
nington about 1768, but soon went on to Rupert and 
lived on land 
granted him by 
New Eamp- 
shire. Some 
New York peo- 
ple claimed a 
part of his 
land and land 
that some of his friends owned, and begun to build 
shanties and live there. 

2. Cochran and his friends burned their shanties 
aiid drove them away. From that time Cochran worked 
with the Green Mountain Boys and became one of their 
captains. A reward of fifty pounds was offered for him 
by the New York governor. 




VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 59 

3. In 1775, when he heard of the trouble the tories 
were making at Westminster, he left his home on the 
west side of the Green Mountains and reached West- 
minster within forty-eight hours from the time that 
messengers had started from the place to arouse their 
friends. He entered the village armed with pistols and 
followed by about forty Green Mountain Boys. 

4. Cochran asked some of the people why they did 
not take him and get the money the New York governor 
offered ? Then he boasted that he had come to seize all 
who had helped the sheriff, and that he meant to find 
out soon " \yho was for the Lord and who was for 
Balaam." Being a little excited, he failed to quote this 
passage correctly, but it did not matter to him. 

5. In May, 1775, he helped Allen at Ticonderoga 
and Warner at Crown Point. lie was afterward made 
major and served in the eastern part of New York. In 
1778 he was sent into Canada to learn what the British 
were planning. The British found that he was a spy 
and offered a large reward for him. 

6. He had to hide to be safe, and one time while 
hiding in a brush heap he was taken very sick. He was 
80 hungry and sick that he started for a log cabin in 
sight. As he came near he heard three men and a 
woman talking about the reward offered for him, and 
found they were planning to get it. 

7. The men started off and he went in, told the 
woman who he was and asked her to help him. She 
gave him food and drink, hid him in her cupboard when 



60 VERMONT HIS20RICAL READER. 

tlie men came back and helped him until he was able to 

go on. He got safely back to the American army. 

8. He served during the rest of the war and, like 
many others, was very poor when it closed. Then 
he lived at Ticonderoga, and lastly at Sandy Hill. On 
his tombstone at Fort Edward we find : " In memory 
of Colonel Robert Cochran, who died July 3, 1812, in 
the 74th year of his age ; a revolutionary otiicer." 



CHAPTER XI. 
Biographical Sketches Continued. 

RICHARD WALLACE. 

1. In 1777, when General Burgoyne moved with his 
army to tlie south end of Lake Champlain, he left nearly 

a thousand 
nen to guard 
Fort Ticon- 




iM^deroga,N.Y., 



and Mount Independence, wliicli was just opposite, in 
Vermont. When Burgoyne had reached the Hudson River 
General Lincoln of the American army tried to disturb 
his plans b}' attacking those places and sent forces down 
both sides of the lake for that purpose. 



not easy for the Americans on either side to learn what 
those on the other side were doing. At last it became 
very important for those on the west side to send word 
to General Lincoln on the east side. The ofticer in 
charge called his men together, told them wliat was 
wanted and asked if any two would try to do it. 

3. Richard Wallace of Thetford and Ephraim Web- 
ster of Newbury offered to try. In the afternoon they 
went with an officer to high ground near the lake and 
looked out the course they would take among the ves- 



63 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 

sels of the enemy to get across. It was very crooked 
and two miles long. At night they went to the lake- 
side, took off their clothes, rolled thein up with the dis- 
patches for General Lincoln, tied them to the back of 
their necks by bands passed round their forelieads and 
swam off. 

4. They swam so near the ships that they heard the 
sentinels cry " All's well." When part way across, the 
band round Wallace's forehead slipped down to his neck 
and nearly choked him. He got it back witli difficulty. 
Just as he reached the branches of a fallen tree by the 
shore he heard Webster say, "Help me, or I shall sink."' 
Wallace found a stick, with which he helped him out. 
Webster could not stand at tirst, but Wallace lielped 
him on with his clothes and he was soon able to go. 

5. There were British sentinels along the shore, one 
of whom hailed them, and they escaped with difficulty. 
As they went Wallace went forward, after giving the 
dispatches to Webster, thinking that if he were cap- 
tured Webster would escape. Soon he was challenge.l 
by a sentinel and he said, " Who are you ?" Tiie sen- 
tinel said, " A friend." Wallace said, " Who's friend ?" 
The sentinel said, " A friend of the Americans." Wal- 
lace said, " So am I, and I have dispatches for your 
general." They were shown at once to the generurs 
tent and were well cared for. 

6. Before Mr. Wallace went to the army he moved 
his household stuff and his wife from their log house on 
the west side of Thetford to the cast side, where tho 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER: 63 

women and cliil<lrea were collected for safety. Fall 
came and she could get no men to gather her liarvfst, 
60 many had gone to the war. So when the oats were 
ripe Mrs. Wallace went six miles to her home and 

mowed and r 

stacked the I 



-»* ^>_ 



HAYING TIME. 



oats. Wheii 

the corn was Lj-a isr^-:^^^- 

ripe she cut 

ic and put the stalks on top of the oats. After that she 

dug her potatoes and sowed an acre of wheat. 

Mr. Wallace went home late in tlie fall and he, with 
his wife, lived tlirough tlie winter in their log liouse 
without floor or chimnev. 



BENJAMIN EVEREST. 

]. Benjamin Everest was a lieutenant in chaige of a 
fort at Kntland in 1778, when the British came np Lake 




RUTLAND VALLEY AND KILLINGTON PEAK. 

Champlain to Crown Point to repair the fort there. The 
Americans wished to learn what repairs the British were 
making and Lieutenant Everest offered to go and find 
out. He put on gray clothes, such as the tories wore, 
went to the fort and asked for v.-oi k. He was set to 



C4 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 

M'ork. In a few da^'s he had learned the plans of tlie 
British and was nearly ready to go away when a lory 
wlio knew liim came into the fort, saM' him, and told the 
officers he was a sp}'. 

2. Everest was then put on 1)oard a vessel with some 
prisoners and the vessel was ancliored in the middle of 
tiie lake near a floating bridge that extended across the 
lake. Before niglit he had hired a soldier to bring him 
a bottle of liquor. This was on a cold windy day in 
ISovember, and a tent was set up on deck for the pris- 
oners. 

3. Toward night, when it was growing dark, Everest 
asked the sentinel who watched the prisoners and the 
ship to drink from his bottle, and he did so. A while 
later he asked him jigain to drink and (tome into tlie 
tent where it was warmer, and the sentinel drank and 
went in. Then Everest went out, took off his clothes, 
tied them in a l)undle on his head and let himself down 
b}' a rope into the water. The water was so cold that 
he almost cried out when he touched it, but he swam to 
the bridge, climbed on to it and put on his clothes. He 
could hardly get them on, it was so cold, 

J-. There were British soldiers at the east end of the 
bridge and Indians at the west end. lie thought it 
would be easier to get past the Indians and went toward 
the west. After passing the Indians he fell into a ditch 
that was full of water, getting very wet, but he went on 
several miles till he came to a place where there had 
been a lire and some brands were left. He watched it 



VERMONT JUSTORWAL READER. 65 

till lie was sure there was no one near, then made a good 
lire and warmed himself and dried his clothes. 

5. In the morning Everest found a man chopping in 
the woods, whom he knew. The man showed him a 
hiding place, brought him some food and after dark in 
the evening got him a canoe, in which he crossed the 
lake and so went to Castleton, Yt. 

HOW THE TORIES WERE MANAGED. 

Nearly all the people of Vermont were in favor 
of American Independence and were called patriots. 
A few thought the British were right and the Ameri- 
cans wrong. These were called tories. They talked 
for the British and sometimes they fought for the Brit- 
ish. There were tories in the army that Burgoyne sent 
to capture Bennington. At Crown Point, one of them 
told the British otticers that Lieutenant Everest was a 
spy, and Everest would have been hanged or shot if he 
had not escaped. So the patriots needed to watch the 
tories as carefully as they did the British. The tories 
miide so much trouble that the patriots thought they 
ought to pay the cost, so they sold the farms and other 
property of the tories and used the money to carry on 
the war. Sometimes tories were imprisoned in a jail 
built for that purpose in Manchester. Sometimes they 
Were made to work for the patriots. In the winter, 
after the Battle of Bennington, when the snow had be- 
come deep, General Stark asked the Vermont Council 
of Safet}'^ to have ten men employed to break and tread 



66 VERMONl HISTORICAL RE A DEB. 

a road from Bennington to Wilmington, about twenty- 
five miles by the road then traveled. The Council 
directed Captain Samuel Robinson, overseer of tories, 
to send ten of them with proper officers, to do the work. 
They were to start at six o'clock in the morning, Janu- 
ary 13, with provisions for three days. So the patriot 
soldiers from Wilmington who had fought at Benning- 
ton and at Saratoga could go home on a tory road. 

MAJOR WHITCOMB. 

1. Major Whitcomb was a hunter. He often met 
with Indians, and was kind to them. Once in the wiri- 
— ter he found 



f^^ an In d i a n 

\ who had 

feK;>;.^-- ^ ^-.:-^v^/- .;;^ ^.r:;::..v^.v;--^ -v^-.^^-^jv%^^a^^^ broken h i s 

NEAR MAJOR wHiTcoMB's HOME. gun and had 

nothing to eat. lie took the Indian home, fed him, 

hunted with him and after a few weeks divided furs 

with him and sent him away. 

2. In the Revolutionary War Whitcomb served in 
the American army and once, when on a scout, he shot 
a British general. The British were very angry at this 
and offered a large reward for Whitcomb's head, and 
twice as large a one for him alive. For many weeks he 
kept out of the way, but afterward entered the service 
again. 

3. At a small fort near Lancaster, New Hampshire, 
one day when AVliitcomb was hunting, he was seized by 
In(h"ans and huriied toward Canada. When thov lial 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 67 

cotiie near the mouth of tlu; St. Francis River, where 
there was a Britisli fort and wliere the Indians expected 
to get their reward, Whitcorab-saw among them tlie 
Indian he liad helped wheii his gun was broken, and 
made signs to him. The Indian took no notice of him 
then. 

4. At night they camped on an island and Whitconib 
was bound to a stake and to two Indians, one each side 
of him. It seemed to him there was no chance for es- 
cape, but about two o'clock some one woke liim, touched 
his lips to show he must not speak, cut his bonds, helped 
him up and then led him to the shore of the island and 
to a canoe. It was the Indian whose gun had been 
broken, who gave Whitcoml) his gun, powder horn, bul- 
let pouch and a bag of meal, and said, " You helped me^ 
I pay you now, go." Whitcomb went as fast as ho 
could till he was safe among his friends in Massachu- 
setts. 




i^^i^'^x^:^^%^i<>Pt€mfBs^r^^2\ 



CHAPTER XI r. 



The State of Vermont— Committee of Safety— State Con- 
stitution Adopted. 

1. As the people of Vermont refused to be governed 
by New York, they needed to govern themselves. They 




THE KIND OF MONEY USED IN 1776. 

already had towns, town meetings and town ofKcei's. In 
1776 the towns sent delegates to a convention held ia 
Dorset. Afterwards, conventions \vere held in Man- 
chester and in other places. One thing done in these 
conventions was to choose a Committee of Safety. This 
connnittee acted for the people. They called for sol- 
diers and for supplies of food and other things to carry 
on the wai'. 




VERMONT HISTOBICAL READER. 69 

2. The committee met sometimes in Manchesteiv 
more frequently in Bennington. A tavern or hotel was^ 
kept in Bennington by Captain Stephen Fay, and the 

sign was a large stuffed catamount, with 
its teeth grinning towards New York, 
mounted on a pole 20 feet high, which 
gave it the name of Catamount Tavern. 
This was the headquarters of the Commit- 
tee of Safety during the war. It stood 

CATAMOUNT TAVERN 

I^.^^^^^'^l^I.^T^^' till 1870, when it was accidentally 

NEAR THE OLD HO- , , 

TEL. burned. 

3. The government l>y the Committee of Safety 
did not satisfy the people, so a convention was called to 
form a State constitution. That convention met at 
Windsor, July 2, and finished its work July 8, 1777. 
State odicers and a legislature were elected under the 
new constitution, March 3, 1778, and the new govern- 
ment was organized March 12, 1778, with Thomas 
Chittenden for the first governor of Vermont and 
Ira Allen for treasurer. 

4. The courage and firnmess of the Yermonters 
had been rewarded by the formation of a new State, 
in which they had more freedom than any other people 
in the world then had. 

The Old Hazen Road. 

1. At the beginning of the Revolutionary War the 
Americans gained possession of Lake Champlain, which 
gave them an easy way into Canada. Afterwards the 
British recovered the lake, and the Americans under- 



70 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 

took to open a new way by cutting a road through the 
woods from Newbnry. General Hazen was sent 

do this. 




ON THE OLD HAZEN ROAD. 

2. This road was made tlirough Peacham, Walden, 
Craftsbnry and Wcstfield to Hazen Notch. Wiien that 
place was reached tlie need for the road had ceased, and 
it was never finislied, but it was very useful to the set- 
tlers of the towns through which it passed. 




IN COTTAGE HOMES THEY DWELL APART. 



Vermont. 

Land of the mountain antl the rock, 

Of lofty hill and lowly glen, 
Live thunderbolts thy mountains mock — 
Well dost thou nurse by tempest's shock 

Thy race of iron men. 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 71 

Far from the city's crowded mart, 

From Mammon's sLriue aud Fashion's show, 

With beaming brow and loving heart, 

In cottage homes they dwell apart, 
Free as the winds that l)low. 




FAR FROM THE CITY'S CROWDED MART 



Of all the sister States that make 

This mighty Union, broad and strong, 
From Southern gulf to Northern lake. 
There's none that Autumn days awake 
To sweeter harvest song. 

And when the cold winds round them blow, 

Father, and son, and aged sire, — 
Defiant of the drifting snow. 
With hearts and hearths alike aglow, — 
Laugh round the wint'ry fire. 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 




FATHER AND SON AND AGED SIRE. — T 
POSTOFFICE. 



IE OLD COUNTRY STORE ANC 



On Champlaiu's waves so fleur and l)lne, 

That circled by tlie nionutaiii lies,^ 
Where glided once the li>>lit canoe. 
With shining- oar, the waters tbrouiili, — 
The mighty steamboat plies. 

And now, among these hills sublime, 

The iron steed i)auts swift along, 
Annihilating space and time. 
And linking ours with stranger clime 
In union fair and strong. 




THE IRON STEED PANTS SWIFT ALONG '' 

When Freedom from her home was driven 

In vine-clad vales of Switzerland, 
She sought the glorious Alps of heaven, 
And there, 'mid cliffs l)y lighluiug riven, 
Gathered her hero band. 



VERMONT HIS'lORICAL READER. 

And still oiitriugs her freedom-song, 
Amid the glaciers sparkling there, 
At Sabbath-bell, as peasants throng 
Their mountain fastnesses along, 
Happy, and free as air. 




THE MIGHTY STEAMBOAT PLIES." 

The hills were made for freedom ; they 

Break at a breath the tyrant's rod ; 
Chains clank in valleys ; there the prey 
Bleeds 'neath Oppression's heel ahvay, - 
Hills bow to none but God ! 




THE STAGE COACH, WITH MAIL. 



(•'5) 





CHAPTER XIII. 

riore Biographical Sketches— The Heroes of 1776 firs. Dorr's 
Poem. 

^HOMAS CHITTEI^DEN, the first gov- 
ernor of Vermont, was born in East Guil- 
ford, Connecticut, January 6, 1730. His 
father was a farmer, so Thomas worked 
upon the farm and attended the common 
school. It is said that he never cared 
much for study and that his spare time was spent in 
games, such as were tests of courage and 
strength. This love for something excit- / „ , ► 
ing led him, when about eighteen years La,^_v^ ''•. 
old, to leave home and try his luck at sea. 
lie started as a common sailor on a merchauL ve&sel 
going to the West Indies. 

5i. When near the islands trouble catne. France 
•and Great Britain were tlien at war and a French man- 
of-war captured the sliip and left the crew without 
money or friends on one of the islands. Thomas found 
his way home witii much trouble, and was willing '^to 
stay upon the land afterwards. 

3. In October, 1749, Mr. Chittenden was married 
and soon moved to Salisbury, Connecticut. There he 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 75 

held many town offices and was sent to the Connecticut 
legislature six years by the town. All this time his 
farm was growing better and he became a wealthy man. 

4. Hearing of the fine farms in the New Hampshire 
Grants, Mr. Cliittenden bonght a large tract of land in 
the town of Williston, Vt., and moved to the place in 
May, 1774. His first work, the building of a house, 
was quickly done. The house wa^ made of logs and 
soon became the comfortable home of his large family. 

5. But life here was not very safe when our troops 
fell back from Canada in the spring of 1776, for that 
left the settlers near Lake Champlain without protec- 
tion from the British army. Mr. Cliittenden thought it 
would be better to go to some place farther south for a 
while, so he, his wife and ten children went on foot by 
marked trees to Castleton, carrying their goods upon 
two horses, except their heavy pieces of iron-ware, 
which they sunk in a duck pond before leaving. They 
lived in Arlington mostly, until their return to Willis- 
ton in 1787. 

6. Mr. Chittenden came to his new home a well- 
known and able man. He thought the best way to 
settle the question of ownership of the Grants was to 
make of them a new State, and worked hard for this for 
many years. In 1778 he was chosen the first governor 
of Vermont. He was governor until 1797, except one 
year. 

7. The work of a governor during these years was 
not easy, for Yermont was having trouble from without 



76 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 

and within, but Mr. Chittenden seemed fitted for all 
this, and led the State through successfully to the peace 
which followed. His life and public work ended to- 
gether August 25, 1797. A recent legislature has ap- 
propriated money for a monument to be placed upon 
his grave in Williston. 

8. His home life was simple. While governor he 
lived in his log house for some time before he thought 
he needed a better one. His favorite occupation was 
farming, and his farm never suffered because of his 
public work. Visitors as often found him in his fields 
at work as in his sitting-room, and they were received 
as cordially in one place as in the other. 

9. The following story is often told to show that he 
liked a good joke. A genteel stranger rode up one day 
and, seeing a man splitting wood by the door, asked him 
to be so kind as to ho]d his horse a few minutes while 
he went in to see the governor. The man came 
promptly to hold the horse. But think how surprised 
the stranger must have been when, after many polite 
bows and inquiries about Mr. Chittenden, he was told 
that the man who held his horse by the bits was the 
governor himself. 

IRA ALLEN. 

IIA ALLEN, youngest brother of Ethan Allen 
was born in Cornwall, Connecticut, in 1751. 
He went to the common school and received a 
good education. In person lie was thick set, of 
middle height, with a red face an(.l large black eyes. 




VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 77 

He was very polite in manner and an easy talker and 
writer. 

2. When twenty-one years old he came to the 
Grants, and went in the fall of 1772 with his cousin, 
Eemember Baker, and five other men, to the lower falls 
of the Winooski. After looking about and driving 
away some New York people, who were starting to 
live there. Baker and one man went back in the boat, 
while Allen and the others stayed to learn more of the 
country. 

3. But they did not find as much to eat as they ex- 
pected, so they started for Pittsford, Vt., seventy miles 
away. After traveling four days through the woods, 
crossing brooks, rivers and mountains, with only one 
dinner and three partridges for five men, they reached 
Pittsford very tired and liungry. 

4. Mr. Allen, in his History of Yermont, tells liow 
they were treated when they reached Pittsford. They 
were fed first with crusts of bread, then with a kind of 
pudding, and then with small pieces of mutton and 
turnips. 

5. One man ate too much, and soon fell asleep. He 
was rolled over and over and carried about for an hour 
by persons who were trying to wake him up. If they 
had not worked over him so carefully, he never would 
have waked from his sleep. Mr. Allen adds that this 
should warn men not to eat too much when very hungry 
and tired. 



78 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 

6. Ira Allen and some other men afterwards bought 
about three hundred thousand acres of land Ijing be- 
tween Ferrisbnrg, Yt., and the Canada line, near Lake 
Champlain. Ira managed the business, and finally 
owned most of the land. He lived at the falls in Col- 
chester. His house was upon a hill which sloped east- 
ward to the river. This slope was Mrs. Allen's garden, 
■which was famous for its fruits and flowers. 

7. Mr. Allen built a dam at the falls, two saw-mills, 
a grist-mill and two forges with a furnace. He kept 
open a ferry above the falls, and built a schooner on 
the river below. He afterwards built mills at other 
places on his lands. But he could not live here and 
spend all his time in this kind of work. 

8. It will be remembered that soon after the Revolu- 
tionary War began, Ethan Allen was taken captive, 
Baker was shot, and Warner and Cochran j"ined the 
Continental army. Thomas Chittenden and Ira Allen 
becairie the leaders of the State, and perhaps as much of 
its success is due to them as to those who served upon 
the battle field. Allen was just the man to meet and 
answer difiicult questions, and he had many such to 
answer. 

9. In 1795, Allen went to Europe on business. He 
met with trouble in England and had to stay five years. 
On his return, he found his business here so broken up 
that he was a poor man, and almost without a friend. 
He went to Philadelphia, the city of Brotherly Love, 
so-called, and lived there until his death in 1814. His 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 79 

body lies in a public burial ground of that city, but no 
stone was placed above it and no one can point out tho 
grave. 

t DOCTOR JONAS FAY. 
rOR JONAS FAY came from Hard- 
ik, Massachusetts, to Bennington in 1766. 
lile in Bennington, he lived on " the blue 
mil," a mile south of the meeting house. 
About 1800, he moved to Charlotte and afterward to 
Pawlet, but finally returned to Bennington for the rest 
of his life. 

2. His study, while he was fitting to be a doctor, 
made him skillful in other things. He had a clear and 
direct way of telling or writing things, and so was a 
good person to keep records of important business. 
When only nineteen, he served as clerk of a company 
of troops in the French and Indian War. 

3. He was surgeon under Ethan Allen when Ticon- 
deroga was taken, and was also surgeon for a while in 
Colonel Seth Warnei-'s regiment. But most of the time 
during the Revolutionary War, he was at work with 
Thomas Chittenden and Ira Allen for the new State of 
Yermont. 

4. Besides being skillful as a clerk, Doctor Fay was 
very decided as to what he thought it was best to 
do, and was bold in carrying out his plans. When not 
busy with public duties, he lived quietly as a doctor. 
He died at Bennington in 1818, eiglity-two years of 
age. 



80 VERMONT HISTOBICAL READER. 

5. The men we liave been reading about in these 
last chapters both lielped to make a State of Vermont 
and helped to support the Declaration of Independence 
of the United States that was made in Philadelphia in 
1776. So they may be called heroes of 1776. There 
were many others just as worthy of honor as these were. 
Perhaps you have read of some of them in other books. 
Let us now read what Mr. Mattison has written in verse 
of these men. 

The Heroes of '76. 

1. They have gone to tlieir rest, those brave heroes and 

sages, 
Who trod the rough war-path our freedom to gain ; 
But their deeds were all written on fame's brightest 

pages, 
When a tyrant's rude host were all scattered and slain. 

2. They have gone to their rest as bright stars sink in 

glory. 
And hallow the spot where their valor was shown ; 
And but few are there left us to tell the glad story, 
How victory was gained and the mightj^ o'erthrowB. 

3. They have gone to their rest, 'midst a halo bright 

shining ; 
The day-star of hope was their guide through the tomb ; 
While Columbia's fair daughters their triumphs were 

singing, 
And a nation burst forth from its deep-shrouded gloom ! 

4. They have gone to their rest, we no longer behold 

them, 
Though memory their virtues will ever hold dear ; 
When the deeds of those sires to their sons shall be told 

them. 
In the silence of grief shall descend the warm tear. 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 81 

5. We have read of what men did in the Revolu- 
tionary War. Mrs. Julia C. R. Dorr of Rutland tells ua 
what one little girl in Connecticut did a short time 
before the war. 

The Parson's Daughter. 

HAT, ho 1 " he cried, as up and down 
y-^^y He rode throngli the streets of Windham town — 
^/) "What, ho I for the day of peace is done, 
''* And the day of wrath too well begun ! 
Bring forth the grain from your barns and mills ; 
Drive down the cattle from oflf your hills; 
For Boston lieth in sore distress, 
Pallid with hunger and long duress : 
Her children starve, while she hears the beat 
And the tramp ol the led coats in e\eiy street!" 
^ h 





HIS WHOLE SOUL INTO THE PEAL HE RUNG." 

'* What, ho I What, ho I " Like a storm imspent. 
Over the hill-sides he came and went ; 
And Parson White, from his open door 
Leaning bareheaded that August day, 
While the sun beat down on his temples gray, 
Watched him until he could see no more. 
Then straight he rode to the church, and flung 
His whole soul into the peal he rung : 
Pulling the bell-rope till the tower 
Seemed to rock in the sudden shower — 



83 VERMONT HISTORICAL^ READER. 

3. The shower of sound the farmers heard, 
Kending the air like a Jiving word I 
Then swift they gathered with right good-will 
From field an 1 auvll, and shop and mill, 
To hear what the parson had to say 
That would not keep till the Sabbath day. 
For only the women and children knew 
The tale of the horseman galloping through— 
The message he bore as up and down 
He rode through the streets of Windham town. 




FROM FIELD, AND ANVIL, AND SHOP, 

That night, as the parson sat at ease 
In the porch, Avith his Bible on his knees, 
(Thanking God that at break of day 
Frederic Manning would take his way, 
With cattle and sheep from off the hills, 
To the starving city where General Gage 
Waited unholy war to wage.) 
His little daughter beside him stood, 
Hiding her face in her muslin hood. 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 

In lier arms her own pet lamb she bore, 

As it struggled down to the oaken floor : 

" It must go ; I must give my lamb," she said, 

" To the children that cry for meat and bread," 

Then lifted to his her holy eyes, 

Wet -with the tears of sacrifice. 

" Nay, nay," he answered. " There is no need 

That the hearts of babes should ache and bleed. 

Eun away to your bed, and to-morrow play, 

You and your pet, through the live-long day.'" 




" A QUAINT LITTLE MAIDEN, SHY AND SWEET." 

He laid his hand on her shining hair. 

And smiled as he blessed her, standing there. 

With kerchief folded across her breast, 

And her small brown hands together pressed, 

A quaint little maiden, shy and sweet. 

With her lambkin crouched at her dainty feet. 

Away to its place the lamb she led. 

Then climbed the stairs to her own white bed. 

While the moon rose up and the stars looked down 

On the silent streets of Windham town. 



84 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 




" AWAY TO ITS PLACE THE LAMB SHE LED." 

But when the heralds of morning came, 

Flushing the east with rosy flame, 

With low of cattle and scurry of feet, 

Driving his herd down the village street, 

Young Manning heard from a low stone-wall 

A child's voice clearly, yet softly call ; 

And saw in the gray dusk standing there 

A little maiden with shining hair, 

While crowding close to her tender side 

Was a snow-white lamb to her apron tied. 

" Oh, wait !" she cried, " for my lamb must go 

To the children crying in want and woe. 

It is all I have." And her tears fell fast 

As she gave it one eager kiss— the last. 

•" The road will be long to its feet. I pray 

Xiet your arms be its bed a part of the way ; 

And give it cool water and tender grass 

Whenever a wayside brook j^ou pass." 

Then away she flew like a startled deer. 

Nor Avaited the bleat of her lamb to hear. 

Young Manning lifted his steel blue eyes 

One moment up to the morning skies ; 

Then, raising the lamb to his breast, he strode 

Sturdily down the lengthening road. 

" Now God be my helper," he cried, " and lead 

Me safe with my charge to the souls in need ! 

Through fire and flood, through dearth and dole, 

Though foes assail me and war-clouds roll, 

To the city in want and woe that lies 

I will bear this lamb as a sacrifice." 



CHAPTER XIV. 



Making New Homes in the Woods of Vermont— Anecdotes 
and True Stories. 

1. We have read liow a few early settlers began 
their new homes in the Green Mountain State. It is 
worth while to call to your notice a few other interest- 
ing facts, so you may clearly understand what our fore- 
fathers had to endure in settling Vermont, 

2. In the summer of 1767, two brothers, Gideon and 
Benjamin Cooley, from Greenwich, Massachusetts, went 
to Pittsford, Vt., to make a home in the forest. They 
had one horse and took with them some food, axes, a 
shovel and hoe. They first made a rude shelter, then 
began a clearing and soon built a log house. 

3. They lived mostly on game and fish 
during the summer, then went back to 
Greenwich for the winter. Early in May 
of the next year, 1768, they returned to 
Pittsford, bringing with them seeds from 
which they raised some corn, potatoes and 
other vegetables. 

4. The next May, Gideon brought his 
wife and five children to their new home. They 
their few pieces of furniture in sacks and carried them 
upon the backs of horses. 




FOOD FOR 

EARLY 

SETTLERS. 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 




MAPLE SUGAR MAKING IN VERMONT IN YE OLDEN TIME. 



VERMONl HISTORICAL READER. s^ 




THE MODERN WAY OF MAKING MAPLE SUG^R WITH A PATtNT EVAPORATOR. 



88 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 

5. After a very busy summer, the family passed a 
comfortable winter, living in part on vegetables raised 
the summer before, and in part on wild meat. 

6. Most of the cooking was done in a small iron ket- 
tle brought from Greenwich. During the winter they 
prepared for sugaring. They made sap-spouts, and from 
split logs some small troughs, but had to go to Benning- 
ton to get kettles in which to boil the sap. 

7. The snow was so deep they could not go with 
horses, so Gideon went on snow-shoes. He made the 
journey easily with no load, but after buying the kettles 
in Bennington, he found the snow crust would not bear 
him up with both, but would with one. He would not 
give up, so carried one kettle a short distance ahead, 
then putting it down, went back and got the other. 
This he did over and over again, till he finally reached 
his home in Pittsford with the two kettles. We hope he 
made enough sugar to be well paid for his trouble in 
procuring his kettles. 

A TRUE STORY. 

1. Daniel Hall 

1 bought land of Doc- 
t(»r Arnold in St. 



'■^ ^S^^^^^KK^^m --' 'MillJg Had no deed. Doc- 
tor Arnold died and 

ST. JOHNSBURY, VT., SITE OF FAIRBANKS 

SCALE WORKS. ]iall could get no 

deed, but instead one hundred acres of land in Lyndon 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 89 

was given liim. Tlie next mornin£^, Mr. Hall packed 
his wife and their household goods on a hand-sled and 
drew them to his land in Lyndon on the snow crust. 

2. There he unloaded them in the snow and made a 
fire. Before sundown he had built a wigwam and 
moved in. The next morning they had nothing to eat 
and he started out \vith his gun. He soon found the 
track of a moose and followed it till he found and shot 
the moose. 

3. He cut out some steak and carried it to the wig- 
wam, where his wife cooked it by putting pieces on a 
forked stick and holding them over the fire. After 
breakfast, Mr. Hall brought in the moose and then car- 
ried its skin and a part of the meat to St. Johnsbury, 
where he sold them and bought potatoes, meal and salt 
to carry home. 

ANOTHER TRUE STORY. 

1. Oliver Luce and his wife Susannah started from 
Hartland in the winter with a two-horse team, to settle 
in Stowe, on land already selected. In Waterbury they 
found the end of the road, and could go no further with 
their team. But they very much wanted to be the first 
settlers and they knew that other people were on their 
way to the same town. 

2. They did not wait long, but loaded some bedding 
and a few other needful things on a hand-sled and went 
six miles through the woods to their land, where, in a 
few days, they made a comfortable shelter. Another 
family came into town the day after Mr. Luc6 did. 

(6) 



90 



VEBMONT HISTORICAL READER. 



■s^^p^^-F^r^ 




m iKe Green /i^<^ 



M^/^^AsfieU 



" I love to climb the mountains liigh, 
To wander thro' the valleys green, 
'J'o look athwart the azure sky 
And o'er the lakelets' silver sheen." 

EXPERIENCES OF AN EARLY SETTLER. 

1, Rodolphus Eeed came from Massacbusetts to 
Westfield, bringing bis family and goods in a two-horse 
wagon. At Craftsbnry bis wife was taken sick. It was 
]ate in November wlien sbe was well enougb to go on, 
and a deep snow bad come. So Mr, Keed changed bis 
wagon for a sleigh and started with his wife and a babe 
two weeks old, thinking they would reach AVcstfield 
before night. 

2. They bad not gone far when Judge Olds of 
Westfield, who had been away, and was returning on 
liorseback, overtook them and said he feared they 
would not get tbrough that day, but he would go on and 
send help as soon as be could. Mr. Heed had just 
crossed a high hill when night came on. Tliey made a 
fire and stayed in tbe woods. 



VERMONT HISTOBICAL READER. 91 

3. The next day they reached the part of the valley 
where the village of Lowell, Yt., now is, and found a 
shanty, having three sides of logs and a roof of bark, in 
which they spent the next night. For food and drink 
they had only salt mutton and whiskey. Early the 
next morning men and teams came to them from West- 
field and helped them to their home. 

Interesting Story of Colonel Davis— noose in Vermont, and 
Plenty of Trout. 

1. Colonel Jacob Davis with two men and one 
horse started from Brookfield for Montpelier, on the 
tliird day of May, 1787. All the four were loaded with 
as much of food, tools and bedding as they could well 
carry. They went over the hills by a bridle path, 
which afterward became a part of the stage road between 
Burlington and Windsor. 

2. Their first shelter in Montpelier was a shanty 
built by hunters a few years before. Their first work 
was to clear a spot for a house. They next built a log 
house thirtj'-two feet long by sixteen feet wide, and had 
it done except the floors and a chimney in ten days, 
when thej'^ moved into it. At that time two sons of 
Colonel Davis joined the party, bringing another horse, 
and the work of clearing the land was begun in good 
earnest. 

3. "When they had cut the trees on twenty acres, so 
that they were drying to burn later, Colonel Davis went 
away to Arlington to a meeting of the proprietors of 
Montpelier; and Pearly Davis, one of the two who 



»2 VERMONI HISTORICAL READER. 

went from Brookfield witli the colonel, went to com- 
plete the survey of the town, leaving the other three to 
go on with the clearing. 

4. Their way of living during tlie summer was far 
from savage, though not highly refined. For beds they 
spread blankets on hemlock boughs, laid along the side 
of their nnfloored house. At first they had no fire- 
place in the house, because they had found no stones' to 
make one of, but in the course of the summer they 
found a quantity of loose slate stones, and at once built 
a chimney in the center of the house, with a fire-place 
on each side, to warm the two rooms, into which the 
liouse was to be divided. They built this up to where 
the chamber floor was to be and left the smoke to find 
its way from there out through an opening in the roof. 

5. For cooking they had an iron kettle, a frying-pan 
and a bake-pan, in which tliey boiled vegetables, boiled 
or baked beans and fried pork, fish and wild meat and 
baked johnny-cake. They carried their flour to a woman 
living in Middlesex, who made bread for them. 




VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 93 

6. The streams 
were then filled with 
trout and there was 
a pleutj of game in 
the woods. Jacob, 
one of Colonel 
Davis' sons, went to 
the river the first 
morning after h o 
reached the camp 
with a hook and 
line, a piece of salt 
pork for bait, and a 
basket to put the 
fish in. At the river 
bank he cut a pole, 
tied his line to it 
and began to fish. 
In half an hour he 
had caught and car- 
ried to the house 
more nice large 
trout than five 
hungry men could 

VERMONT TROUT— SPECKLED BEAUTIES— THE - 1 r i. 

STREAMS WERE FILLED WITH THEM. Cat lor brcakiast* 
Tliere was no lack of food that first summer. 

7. In the autumn Colonel Davis finished his house 
by topping out his chimney, digging a cellar, lay- 
ing floors, putting in doors and windows and building 
an oven. For floors he cut straight basswood logs to 




94 VERMONT HISTOBICAL BEADER. 

the right length and split them into thick planks, which 
he trimmed and smoothed with an ax and laid on 
sleepers. The oven he built outside the house, but close 
to it, so that by cutting a hole in the wall he had the 
mouth of the oven in the kitchen. When winter came 
the house had been completed and he moved his family 
from Brookfield into it. 

8. One day in the winter two men, crossing the 
mountain in Worcester, found a yard of five moose, so 
shut in by the deep crusted snow that they were able to 
kill them all. They carried as much of tlie meat as 
they could, traveling on snow shoes, to the home of 
Colonel Davis and told the boys they might have the 
rest if they would go and get it. 

9. So one of them went to the spot witli a bag of 
Bait, cut a hemlock tree and made a trough in the body 
of it, salted the meat in the trougli and pinned a slab 
over it. When the snow was gone in the spring, he 
went with a horse and brought home salt meat enough 
to last the family all summer. 





CHAPTER XV. 

How the First Settlers Lived— Strawberries Unknown— In- 
teresting Facts of Early Vermont Life. 

1. The food of the first settlers in this country was 
not just like ours. They raised corn, beans, pumpkins ; 
wheat, rye ; turnips, parsnips, beets ; and some other 
kinds of grain and vegetables. They ate bean porridge 
a great deal. It was made by boiling beans with meat. 
When the whole was cooked, the meat was taken out 
and the porridge was ready. Sometimes vegetables 
were boiled with the beans and meat. 

2. In the winter, enough would be made at once to 
last a week, and sometimes it would get to be " nine 
days old." It was eaten for breakfast, and often for 
supper. For dinner they would have boiled meat and 
vegetables. Turnips and parsnips were the most com- 
mon vegetables at first. 

3. Potatoes were introduced fiom Ireland in 1719, 
almost one hundred years after the coming of the Pil- 
grims to Plymouth, and thirty years after the settle- 
ment of Vernon, 

4. In Haverhill, Massachuseits, the first year that 
potatoes were planted the people found only the potato 



96 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 

balls. They found the potatoes when they plowed the 

next spring. We may suppose that potatoes were 

brought to Vernon about the time Fort Dummer was 

built. 

5. Pork was the meat most used, but beef, mutton, 
game and fish were common. People lived sometimes 
very far from mills for making meal and flour, and the 
men would carry their corn or other grain a long way 
on their backs in summer, and on hand-sleds in winter, 
to get it ground, or they would make large mortars 
from hard wood logs, and after drying their grain very 
thoroughly, would pound it into meal. 

HOW JOHN SP AFFORD WENT TO MILL. 

1. John Spafford, the first settler in Cambridge, lived 
in a log house beside the Lamoille Kiver. One day in 
winter, he took a bag of corn on a hand-sled and drew 
it on the ice of the river, where he could, to the nearest 
mill to be ground. The mill was at Colchester Falls, 
twenty-five miles off. 

2. On the way home, he became very tired and 
hungry. So he stopped, made a fire, wet up some of 
the meal in the mouth of his bag and baked a cake. 
Then he went on again. His wife Sarah waited a long 
time for him that evening, but as he did not come, she 
lay down and slept and dreamed that Mr. Spafford was 
calling her. 

3. She awoke and looked and listened, but she could 
not see nor hear anything of him. Soon she slept again, 
and dreamed a second time that he was calling. Then 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 



97 



she rose and with a liglited torch went to tlie river bank, 
whore she found hiin, unable to get up the bank with 
his load. 



EARLY CLOTHING, BOOTS AND SHOES— HOW MADE. 

1. The first effort of the early Vermont settlers was 
to provide shelter and food for their families. As soon 
as these were secured, care must be taken for clothing. 
For the most part, they wore linen and woolen clothes. 
For linen they raised flax, which grows very much like 
grain, but it is pulled up by the roots instead of being 
cut. After the dirt has been carefully shaken from the 
roots, the stalks are spread upon the grass till the softer 
parts have become brittle, when they are taken up and 
the brittle part is first broken in pieces, then cleared 
from the long fibres whicli are spun into yarn ; and this 
is woven into cloth. 

2. A few sheep would 
supply the wool for a 
family, and the spinning, 
coloring and weaving 
were done by the women 
of the household. The 
flax was spun on a small 
wheel and the wool on a 
large one. And these 
wheels were found in al- 
most every house after a 
beginnino'had been made. 




SMALL OLD SPINNING WHEEL. 



88 VEBMONT HISTOBICAL READER. 

3. Boots and slioes were not easy to get at first. 
Men and boys often went barefoot in the summer, and 
women and girls sometimes did so. The men sometimes 
wore moccasins made of skins not tanned. Later, boots 
and shoes were made from the skins of animals raised 
on the farm, and made into leather at the tannery near 
by. The shoemaker would often go from house to 
house, carrying his tools and working at his bench in the 
kitchen till he had made the boots and shoes to last the 
family for a year. 

4. Nearly all the people lived in log houses at first. 
When well made, those were warm and comfortable, but 
they were not well lighted. They did not have much 
furniture to begin with. A split log with holes bored 
in the round side, and sticks put in for legs, would serve 
for a table, and blocks would do for chairs. One family 
in Newbury built their first shanty over a large stump 
and used the stump for a table. 

5. AVhen tliey had built saw mills to make boards, 
the people would begin to build frame houses, and to 
have more and better furniture. Many of the chairs, 
tables and bureaus that have come down to us from that 
early time are found to have been not only very durable? 
but nicely made. 

6. While the wild animals were useful for their 
skins, and some of them for their meat, they were very 
troublesome. The wolves were fond of mutton and the 
bears were fond of fresh pork and of green corn. 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 99 

7. Colonel Davis of Montpelier made yards with 
strong, high walls of logs, into whicli he drove his cat- 
tle and sheep for the night. 

8. Joel Strong of Thetford planted his corn, and as 
soon as it ripened the bears came to feed on it. For 
a wliile Mr. Strong let the bears have their way, but 
when it looked as though they would spoil the wholo 
crop, he undertook to protect his field, and one night 
when the moon shone bright, he went witli his gun to 
see who should have the corn. 

9. He soon heard the bears cracking the ears. Ho 
went carefully toward tliem till he saw one plainly, 
when he took aim and fired at it. The others ran and 
he ran after them till they climbed a tree at the edge 
of the woods. He could not see clearly enough to take 
a sure aim at them, so he made a fire at the foot of the 
tree and watched the rest of the night. 

10. When it was light in the morning he saw two 
big bears, each sitting on a large branch of the tree. 
Taking good aim, he shot one that fairly jarred the 
ground as it fell. The other climbed higher up while 
Mr. Strong was loading his gun, but that one came 
down too from a well-aimed shot. 

11. Then he went back to the corn field and found 
a nice large bear lying dead there. The three bear 
skins and the meat paid well for all the corn that had 
been spoiled, and his field was not troubled any moro 
that season. 



100 VERMONT HISTORICAL HEADER. 

12. Bear hunting was not always profitnble. John 
Strong and a Mr. Smalleyof Addison were rowing once 
across Lake Champlain from Chinaney Point, when they 
saw an animal swimming in the lake and thought it was 
a deer. 

13. They rowed towards it, but when they came 
near, it proved to be a large bear, and they had nothing 
to kill it with but an ax. They did not like to turn back, 
so Strong stood in the bow of the boat with the ax to 
knock the bear on the head and Smalley rowed the boat. 

14. They came up to the bear and Strong struck its 
head as hard as he could, but the bear hardly seemed to 
feel the blow. It turned, however, quickly, and put- 
ting its paws on the boat, tipped it over, and then 
climbed upon the end of it. 

15. Smalley was not a very good swimmer, and as 
the bear was very quiet, he thought he might hold on 
to the other end of the boat, till it should float to the 
shore ; but the bear would have no passengers with 
him, so the men, each with the help of an oar, had to 
swim to the nearest land. 

16. The boat floated to the shore, the bear landed 
and went on his way, giving the men a chance to row 
home, after a long tramp to get the boat. They had a 
good ducking and lost their ax, but they had learned 
something about bears. 




VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 101 




Dr. Williams' Fish Story. 

We have learned something about fishing in the old times. 
Dr. Williams, in his History of Vermont, tells this story : 

1. The useful fish which live in the brooks and small 
streams of Vermont are the trout, perch and sucker. 
The best places for trout fishing are near tlie heads of 
streams that rise in the mountains. The perch and the 
sucker are found fartlier from the heads of the streams, 
but are of nearly the same size as the trout. 

2. These small fish increase in number very fast. 
At Tinmouth, in Rutland county, is a brook from twenty 
to thirty feet wide, and only two or three feet deep. It 
was the home of trout and suckers of common size and 
number. A dam was built in the early days across this 
stream to furnish water-power for a saw-mill, thus form- 
ing a very large pond on land that had never been tilled. 

3. In two or three years there were so many fish in 
the pond that, at the head where the brook ran into 
it, the fish could be seen in the spring swimming one 
over another in great numbers. 



102 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 

4. It was so full there were no places in 
which the fish could hide, and when the boys 
came the fish were easily caught by the hands. 
The fishermen also used nets and often caught 
a bushel of fish at a time, which they sold for 
a sliilling. 

5. "While the fish became so many in 
number, they grew also to be more than 
twice as large as they were before the dam 
was built. The rich land at the bottom of 

the pond must have been the cause of this increase in 
size and number. 






CHAPTEE XVI. 

Two Early Vermont Judges— Little Jerry, the Miller— A List- 
ening Bird. 

1. We have learned how there came to be a State of 
Vermont, what kind of men made it, and how the peo- 
ple at first lived in it. The State has had men to de- 
fend it, when they were needed, men to make laws for 
it, and men to see tliat the laws were obeyed. Besides 
these, there have been men to tell what the laws mean. 
Such men are called judges. We will now read about 
two judges who helped a great deal to make Vermont 
what it is. 

NATHANIEL CHIPMAN. 

2. One of the early leaders in Vermont was jNathan- 
iel Chipman. His first home was in Salisbury, Connec- 
ticut. His father was a Puritan, and was strict in his 
control of home affairs. Early rising and retiring was 
the rule for all in the family. The long winter even- 
ings were spent in reading books from the town library. 
After the reading, there were long talks about what had 
been read. 

3. Each member of the family had special work to 
do. The father was a blacksmith and a farmer, so some 



104 ' VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 

of his six sons helped liim in the shop, wliile others did 
the work of the farm. Nathaniel was one who worked 
upon the farm mostly. When twenty years old, he l)e- 
gan to fit for college, reciting to the pastor at Salisbnry. 
The next year, 1773, he entered Yale college. Having 
a sound mind in a sound body, and a regular way of 
doing all his work, he was able to do more than the 
others of his class. 

4. In the spring of 1777, he left his study to join 
the Revolutionary army. He was one who spent that 
bard winter at Valley Forge. The pay of the soldiers 
was so small then that they could not go on unless they 
had money of their own to help them. Having no such 
money, Nathaniel Chipman left the army in the fall of 
1778. He went to Connecticut and studied law. He 
was soon a lawyer, and came to Tinmonth, Vermont, 
where his father was then living. The leading men of 
Vermont saw his ability and welcomed him as one who 
would help them work for the new State. 

5. He was soon known as Judge Chipman. He was 
Vermont senator in Congress for six years. Even while 
busy with pul)lic duties, he found time to write, and his 
Principles of Government made him famous in both 
America and Europe. 

6. Judge Chipman lived to be ninety years old. The 
latter part of his life was spent quietly at Tinraouth, 
deafness keeping him from public di\\iy. The State has 
honored the memory of this learned leader by a monu- 
ment placed at Tinmonth in 1873. 



VEBMONl HISTORICAL READER. 105 

THEOPHILUS HARRINGTON. 

1. On a sunny hillside in the town of Clarendon, 
Vermont, is Chippenhook Cemetery. As the traveler 
rounds the hill, he soon sees a tall monument towering 
above the others. From the road he sees the letter H, 
and learns npon going nearer that he is gazing upon tlie 
monument placed by the State of Vermont in honor of 
Judge Theopliilus Harrington. 

2. Mr. Harrington was born in Rhode Island in 
1Y62, and came to Clarendon in 1785. He was a farmer, 
but held many pub- 
lic offices and be- 
came famous as a 
judge of the Su- 
preme Court. Many 
stories are found 
of his odd ways 
and sayings. It has 
been told that he 
used to go into 
court barefooted. 

3. He served as 
judge in many 
cases in which the 
right of a person to 
the land he was liv- 
ing on was ques- 
tioned. In order to 

prove his right to the land the person had to trace his 
(7> 




MONUMENT ERECTED BY THE STATE AT THE 
GRAVE OF JUDGE HARRINGTON. 



10(3 VERMONT HI^IORIGAL READER. 

title back to some one to whom the colonial governor of 
New Hampsliire had granted land, and wlioee name was 
in the charter of the town. This was called tracing to 
the original proprietor or first owner. 

4. One time a different kind of a case came before 
the judge. A slave had escaped, but had been captured, 
and the owner asked for a warrant which would give 
him power to take the slave back. The escape of the 
slave was described and the master showed a bilLof sale 
of the slave, and back of that, of the slave's mother. 
But the judge only said, " You do not go back to the 
original proprietor." Tlie ' coolness of the judge tried 
the patience of the other party, who asked, " What, 
then, would your Honor have ?" "A bill of sale from 
God Almighty " was the prompt reply. As no such 
paper could be shown, the trembling negro was, by 
order of court, set free. 

5. People in England heard of this reply and placed 
a tablet in Westminster Abbey in honor of the Vermont 
judge who thought it was not right for any man to own 
a slave. 

On the monument at Chippenhook these words are 
found : 

Judge Theophilus Harrington. 

1762. 1813. 

Erected by the State in 1886. 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 107 




LITTLE JERRY, THE MILLER. 

Note.— Perhaps it may add to the interest of this 
ballad to know that the description, both of the man 
and the mill, is quite true. " Little Jerry " was a small 
Frenchman of great strength, wit and good nature, and 
was for many years a miller for the writer's father in 
Highgate, Vermont. His surname was written " Good- 
heart " in the mill books. 

1. Beneath the hill yoii may see the mill 

Of wasting wood and ernmbling stone ; 
The wheel is dripping and clattering still, 
But Jerry, the miller, is dead and gone. 

2. Year after year, early and late, 

Alike in summer and winter weather, 

He pecked the stones and calked the gate, 

And mill and miller grew old together. 

3. " Little Jerry! " — 'twas all the same. 

They loved him well who called him so ; 
And whether he'd ever another name. 
Nobody ever seemed to know. 

4. 'Twas "Little Jerry, come grind my rye," 

And "Little Jerry, come grind my wheat;" 
And "Little Jerry" was still the cry. 
From matron bold and maiden sweet. 



108 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 

5. 'Twas " Little Jerrj-" on every tongue. 

And so the simple truth was told ; 
For Jerry was little when he was young. 
And Jerry was little when he was old. 

6. But what in size he chanced to lack, 

That Jerry made up in being strong ; 
I've seen a sack upon his back 

As thick as the miller, and quite as long. 

7. Always busy, and always merry. 

Always doing his verj^ best, 
A notable wag was Little Jerry, 
Who uttered well his standing jest. 

8. How Jerry lived is known to fame, 

But how he died there's none may know ; 
One autumn day the rumor came, 
" The brook and Jerry are very low." 

9. And then 'twas whispered, mournfully, 

The leech had come, and he was dead .- 
And all the neighbors flocked to see ; 
"Poor Little Jerry ! " was all they said. 

10. They laid him in his earthy bed, 

His miller's coat his only shroud ; 
" Dust to dust," the parson said, 
And all the people wept aloud. 

11. For he had shunned the deadly sin, 

And not a grain of over- toll 
Had ever dropped into his bin, 
To weigh upon his parting soul. 

12. Beneath the hill there stands the mill. 

Of wasting wood and crumbHng stone : 

The wheel is dripping and clattering still. 

But Jerry, the miller, is dead and gone. 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 



109 




A LISTENING BIRD. 

BY MRS. JULIA C. K. DORR. 

A little bird sat on an apple tree, 

And lie was as hoarse as hoarse could be ; 

He preened and he prinked, and he ruffled his 

throat, 
But from it there floated no silvery note. 
"Not a song can I sing," sighed he, sighed he — 
" Not a song can I sing," sighed he. 





In tremulous showers the apple tree shed 
Its pink and white blossoms on his head ; 
The gay sun shone, and, like jubilant words, 
He heard the gay song of a thousand birds. 
''All the others can sing," he dolefully- 
said — 
" All the others can sing," he said. 



3. So he sat and he drooped. But as far and wule 
The music was borne on the air's warm 

tide. 
A sudden thought came to the sad little 

bird, 
And he lifted his head as within him it ^ 

stirred. 
" If I cannot sing, I can listen," he cried; "^ 
" Ho I ho ! I can listen ! " he cried. 






CHAPTER XVII. 

Vermont at the Close of the Revolutionary War— Early 

Schools— Brookfield Library— War of 

1812— Course of Trade. 

N 1783, when the Eevolutionary War closed, 
Vermont had a government of her own and 
was not in debt. Taxes were low, and there 
was a great deal of good land for sale. Many 
settlers began coming in, and the people did not much de- 
sire to be admitted to the Union of States, though before 
this they had more than once asked Congress for admis- 
sion. But in a few years the people of New York, 
who had opposed Vermont, found that Kentucky 
was likely to become a State, and then they wanted Ver- 
mont to become a State, too. 

2. So the old dispute was set- 
tled at last, and Vermont was ad- 
mitted to the Union in 1791, one 
hundred years after the settlement 
at Vernon, and two hundred years 
after the discovei-y of America by 
Columbus. 

3. Vermont was growing very rapidly then. The State 
had twice as many people in 1800 as in 1790. There was 
work for all to do ; new houses, barns, mills, and build- 




COLUMBUS. 



VF.RMOXT HISTORICAL READER. 



<^^m^ 




Y' Tofte Mail e of y' QU^x, Tyme (ijSx) 

ings of every kind were needed. ISew farms were to 
be cut out of the woods and more land was to be cleared 
on the old farms. Roads and bridges were to be made. 
The mail routes show us something about the roads of 
that time. 

4. In 1791, Vermont had her own postoffices. They 
were at Bennington, Rutland, Brattleboro, Windsor and 
Newbury. Anthony Haswell of Bennington was post- 
master general. The mail routes were from Benning- 
ton to Rutland ; from Bennington to Newbury, through 
Brattleboro and Windsor ; and from Bennington to Al- 
bany, N. Y., where the Vermont mail route was con- 
nected with that of the United States. 

5. Over each of these routes the mail was carried 
once a w^eek by a rider on horseback. At that time the 
United States had only seventy- five postoffices, making 
eighty for the United States and Vermont together. 
There are now more than five hundred postoffices in Ver- 
mont and about seventy thousand in the entire United 
States. 




113 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 




EARLY SCHOOLS. 

?t<^ESIDES doing tlie things already named, the 

^\ people were establishing colleges, schools, 

i^ libraries and churches. The University of 

Vermont at Burlington was incorporated in 

1791, and Middlebury College at Middlebury in 1800. 

Eight county grammar schools and academies had been 

incorporated before 1800. 

jig^^^ 2. Public schools were es- 

. ^ tablished in all the towns soon 

"^ ^ after their settlement. The 

proprietors of Guilford set 
apart three hundred and 
fifty acres of land for the siip- 
])ort of schools, before a set- 
tlement was begun. The peo- 
ple of Bennington had 
school districts and voted a 
school tax two years after 
the first clearings were made 
in the woods. 

3. Tiie first school houses 
were not such as we have 
now. In 1773, the people of 
Chester voted to build a 
\ s c h ool 

A, h ) u se, 
twenty - 
two feet long by eightofii feet wide; and the first 




VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 113 

ecliool house in Sonth Eandolpli was twenty-one 
feet long by sixteen feet wide, with three windows. 

4. A few years later, another school house was built 
in South Randolph, as they then had more than eighty 
pupils in their school and they wanted a larger house. 
It was made twenty-four by eighteen feet, with seven 
windows, each having twenty lights of glass, six by eight 
inches. 

5. How large is your school room ? Measure it and 
see. How many children attend your school ? How 
many windows in your school liouse ? How large are 
the lights of glass ? 

6. The schools were large in numbers because fami- 
lies were large. In one district in Clarendon, about 
1797, eight families sent ninety-nine children to the 
district school. 

7. In Salisbury, Mr. Mathew Sterling taught 
school in a log house till a new school house 
could be built. Money was scarce in Salisbury then, 
and the people paid the school master in work. So, 
while the children were learning to read and write, 
their fathers were clearing the school master's land or 
sowing his seed. 

8. In 1798, the people in a school district in "Wind- 
ham voted to pay the school mistress fifty cents 
a week, in salts at three and one-third cents a pound, 
or in butter at twelve and one-half cents a pound, 
or in wheat at fifty-four cents a bushel, or rye at sixty- 
seven cents a bushel, or corn at fifty cents a bushel. 




114 VERMONT HISTORICAL HEADER. 

9. The schools were then kept six days in the week ; 
the teacher in six days would then earn four pounds of 
butter or a bushel of corn. The salts 
were made by letting water drain 
through large boxes of ashes and then flint-lock pistol. 
boiling it down, as sap is boiled down to make maple 
sugar. It was with such salts as these that the people 
of Dummerston paid for their powder and lead and flints 
in 1774. 

10. Not as many branches of study were taught in 
the old times as now. Reading, writing and arithmetic 
to the rule of three, or proportion, were thought to be 
enough. But some women teachers taught sewing to 
the girls. 

11. If the children did not have as nice school houses 
when the country was new as they have now, neither 
did the people have as many or as nice things at home. 
Miss Lydia Chamber- 
lin came from Litch- 
field, Connecticut, to 
Newbury, to visit 
friends. The journey 
was made in the 
winter and most of the 
way on tlie ice of the 
Connecticut Kiver. 

12. At Newbury, 
things were so differ- 
ent from what she had been used to in her home, that 




VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 115 

she hardly knew how to stay even for one night. But 
she soon began to like the way they lived there, and 
the next summer she tanght the district school, though 
in all lier life she had attended school but one half day. 
13. ^'^j her own efforts she had become able to read 
and to write, and had learned a little of arithmetic. Sim 
lived with her uncle, wlio kept a ferry between Newbury^ 
Vt., and Haverhill, New Hampshire, and as there was no 
looking glass in the house, when slie dressed for school 
or for meeting, she would go down to the ferry on 
pleasant summer mornings, step into the large boat and 
look over one side into the water to see if her toilet 
was properlj' made. 



BROOKFIELD LIBRARY. 

;nJBLIC LIBRARIES were established very early 
in many towns. Mrs. Luna Sprague Peck of 
Brookfield tells how a library was begun in her 
town, and relates some things about the history 
of the town wliich are interesting. 

2. The first settlement in Brookfield, Vermont, was 
made in 1779, by Captain Shubel Cross, who cleared a 
portion of the fertile tract lying in the beautiful valley 
of the second branch of the White River. For sev- 
eral months this family were the only settlers, and Mis. 
Cross received one hundred acres of land which was 
given by the town to the first woman who settled within 
its limits. 




no VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 

3. After this others came in very rapidly during 
the next few years, 

And the people grew in numbers ; 

WMrring mills ui)on the streams 
KoTised the slumber of the valley 

Into more ambitious dreams. 

4. These settlers at Brookfield were from Connecti- 
cut, a resolute, capable, hardy and God-fearing band 
of men and women, and they felt the need of im- 
provement in reading and education. Fourteen years 
after the first settlement, when the population of the 
town numbered four hundred, and but few small settle- 
ments had been made in the adjoining towns, articles of 
agreement were made which constituted the Public 
Library of Brookfield, signed with forty-eight names. 

5. For those sturdy suu-burned toilers, 
Thirsting for a wider culture 
Than their well-read books afforded, 
Met in council with their pastor. 
Long and earnest was the meeting 
Of those leaders, clad in homespun, 
But the germ was firmly rooted. 
Watched and ever wisely tended. 
That has rendered glad fruition 
To the century that followed. 
In the constitution drafted, 
Head and signed by every member, 
Each Avas pledged to rule his conduct, 
Use his influence in dealing 
That in all things so relating 
* ' Piety might be promoted 
And the furtherance of knowledge." 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 



117 



6. Sixteen shillings — two dollars and sixty-seven 
cents — was the first fee for membership. And this 
amount was the sole financial basis of the library for 
a long time. The records of the library show that 
not a single regular meeting of its members has been 
omitted in the one hundred and four years of its exist- 
ence, a record of which its members are justly proud. 

7. The influence of this public library is shown ia 
the fact that twenty men of Brookfield have prepared 
for the ministry, and as many for the other professions, 
while more than seventy young persons have graduated 
from our State normal schools. 

8. The population of Brookfield steadily increased 
until 1840, when its highest mark of 1789 inhabitants 
was reached. Since that time it has decreased in about 
the same proportion ; the census of 1890 showing 
but 991. During the late civil war, Brookfield placed 
one hundred and fifty men in the field. 




FORT TICONDEROGA, N. Y., CAPTURED BY ETHAN 
ALLEN IN 1775, AS IT APPEARED IN 1812. 



118 VEBMONT HISTORICAL READER. 

^—Xf-) ^ WAR OF 1812— COURSE OF TRADE. 

( HERE was little to call the attention of the peo- 
^ pie of Vermont from such things as we have 
jnst been reading about until the second war 
with Great Britain, which began in 1812 and 
continued for more than two years. Three thousand 
men from Vermont were called for by the government, 
and were furnished by the State at the beginning of 
the war, and many more went before the war closed. 

2. There was a large number of Green Mountain 
Boys in the several divisions of the American army that 
were stationed in and near Vermont, and as far west 
as the Niagara Eiver, where they did good service 
under General Winfield Scott. We may learn how the 
Vermont soldiers were regarded by their officers from 
the following story : 

3. About 1840, there was a dispute between Great 
Britain and the United States over the boundary be- 
tween Maine and Canada, and troops were stationed 
near the line on each side. General Scott commanded 
the American forces in Maine, and once, when on his 
way to join his troops, he stopped at Richmond, Ver- 
mont. 

4. It was muster day, and all the militia of the 
western part of the State had met at Richmond and 
were drilling on the meadow under the command of 
General Coleman. After General Scott had been intro- 
duced to General Coleman, he inquired if any of the 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 119 

Vermont soldiers ^vllo fought with him at Lundy's Lane 
near the Niagara Falls were there, and was told of one, 
Sergeant William Humphrey, who lived in Richmond. 

5. Mr. Humphrey was soon found and was brought 
to General Scott, where a large crowd had gathered to 
hear what would be said. Each knew the other at once, 
and they grasped hands like brothers. Tears of joy 
flowed freely down their cheeks as they still held each 
other by the hand and recalled scenes of the past. 

6. General Scott inquired for all liis old comrades, 
and told how bravely they fought against the best sol- 
diers of England. After he had praised them all, Mr. 
Humphrey said to him, "There is one name you have 
forgotten to mention." ''Whom have 1 forgotten?" 
said General Scott. Humphrey replied, " The bravest 
of them all — one Winfield Scott." 

7. The course of trade in the northwestern part of 
the State was much changed by the war of 1812. Be- 
fore the war, the people near Lake Champlain had 
traded a great deal with Montreal and Quebec. During 
the war they could not do that, so they began trading 
with the merchants of Troy and Albany, N. Y., and 
of New York City. After the war they kept going to 
these places, and traded much less with the Canadians 
than they had done before. 

8. The steamer Vermont, the second successful 
steamboat ever built, was in use on Lake Champlain be- 
fore the war of 1812. Soon afterwards this lake had 
the finest steamboats in the world, and the sailing ves- 
sels were gradually displaced by them. 





CHAPTEE XVIII. 

New Industries Established— Steel Squares— School and 
Roofing Slates— Kaolin Works— Special Articles 
Written by Hon. D. K. Simonds, Hon. A. 
K;j^'Kr-^ -^ 6 N. Adams, and Hon. J. D. Smith. 

BOUT this time several kinds of mannfactur- 
ing business liad begun in Vermont and 
^■«:i> should be noticed here. One of these is the 
making of steel squares in Bennington county, 
described in the following way by Mr. D. K. Simonds 
of Manchester, Vermont : 

THE EAGLE SaXJARE COMPANY. 

2. Every boy and girl has seen the large steel squares 
used by carpenters in their work, but very few know 
that these squares were first made in South Shaftsbury, 
Bennington count}'-, Vermont, by the man who invented 
them. His name was Silas Hawes, and he commenced 
to make squares soon after the close of the war of 1812. 

3. Owing to the long distance to the markets and 
the poor roads, the early settlers of Vermont did very 
little in the way of manufactures. There were saw 
mills for sawing boards in almost every town, and small 
furnaces for melting iron ore and making rough castings 
were erected in a few towns where ore was plenty. 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. \ 121 

4-. Silas Hawes was a blacksmith, and some worn out 
steel saws coming into his possession, he thought he 
might make from them a rule or measure better than 
anything then in use. After trying a few times, he 
made a " square," marked it off into inches and found 
it was just the thing to measure and square work by. 

5. He made a few by hand and sent them out by 
tin peddlers, and found the carpenters were eager to buy 
them, paying as much as six or seven dollars for one. 
This was more than they cost him, and he obtained a 
patent, which the government gives to inventors to pre- 
vent other people from making the same article. 

6. He had little money and no rich friends to help 
him, but he worked early and late, and hired other men 
to work for him, and in a few years he was able to erect 
a large building and put in machinery for making the 
squares, which, by this time, had found their way into 
every town and city in the country, and brought great 
fame to their inventor. 

7. People came miles to see the wonderful forges, 
the showers of sparks flying from the heavy hammers, 
and to listen to the din made by the workmen. From this 
small beginning a large and prosperous business was 
built up, and though Silas Hawes died many years ago, 
The Eagle Square Company was formed to take his place, 
and squares are still made on the very same spot where 
the first square was made more than eighty years ago. 

(8) 





122 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 

THE SLATE INDUSTRY. 

The beginning and progress of the slate business in Eutland 
county is described in the following article by Mr. A. N. Adams 
of Fair Haven, Vermont : 

^^LONG the western border of Rutland county, 
and extending under the Poultney River into 
^■^^ Washington county, N. Y., are the great 
slate veins, so-called, of purple, green, and 
red, from which are produced fine roofing slates, man- 
tels, table-tops, hearthsj blackboards, ^ "' ^ 
tiles, wash-tubs, door-steps, and many 
articles, both of ornament and use, 
which are more durable than wood. I 
These articles are largely made by the people of Fair 
Haven, Poultney and Pawlet, in Rutland county. 

2. Quarries are opened in many places along the 
valleys and hillsides, and are worked to a large extent 
by workmen from Wales, England. Steam engines, 
horse-power, and other means are used to raise the 
rough slate stock, and also the waste out of the quarry 
pits, some of which become very deep. Often the slate 
slabs are very large and heavy, and can be made into 
large platforms, or stair landings, and the thick slabs 
will split into any desirable thickness. They can be 
Bawed and worked like boards or lumber. 

3. The slabs for certain goods are made about one 
inch thick, sawed to size, carved, then painted, varnished 
and baked in hot ovens, a process called marbleizing, 
which was first introduced into this country and prac- 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 123 

ticed at Fair Haven and West Castleton, in 1859. 
Slate stock is valuable for certain articles because 
it will not shrink or warp with heat, and it can be made 
to imitate any kind of marble or wood. 

4. Koofing slates are made by splitting the blocks to 
about one-eighth of an inch thickness, and then cutting 
them with a knife or machine to the desired size. The 
common sizes are ten by twenty inches and twelve by 
twenty-four inches. Purple and green colors in slate 
are unfading, and these command the highest prices. 

5. The production and use of slate as a business be- 
gan in the town of Fair Haven about fifty years ago, 
and Colonel Alanson Allen was the first man who saw 
its great value and began the business. You will be 
interested to know that he began to quarry and finish 
school slates in 1845, making use of new and original 
machinery to do the work of polishing and framing the 
slates. When the slates were split and cut as near as 
they could be to the required size, they were rubbed to 
a uniform thickness with sand and water on a rubbing- 
bed ; the sand marks were then removed with a sharp 
knife, the slates rubbed very smooth with putty, and 
they were ready for the frames. A thousand school 
slates per day was nearly the capacity of the work done 
by the mill. 

6. About 1845, German slates camo into the Ameri- 
can market and were sold at such low prices that the 
Vermont manufacture had to be given up, and after two 



124 VERMONl HISTORICAL READER. 

or three years trial, in 1848, Mr. Allen suspended this 
branch of his business and turned his attention to the 
making of roofing slates, so that to-day no school slates 
are made in Vermont. A prejudice against American 
slate goods, other than school slates, made their sale in 
the American market very slow at first, but by the help 
of first-class quarry men, who now began to come over 
from Wales, they finally succeeded in getting them into 
very general use. 

7. Hundreds of car loads of these slate goods are 
now made yearly and shipped to all parts of our country, 
and many even to Europe. Slate for roofs made by one 
company in Fair Haven are preferred above all others 
for the government buildings of England. 

8. The population of Fair Haven, as well as of 
Poultney and Pawlet, is made up in a large measure 
of people born in Wales, and their descendants. There 
are twelve mills and factories now in operation in Fair 
Haven, manufacturing and finishing slate goods for ship- 
ment to all parts of the world, besides several other mills 
in Hydeville and Poultney. 

THE KAOLIN WORKS AND IRON ORE BEDS OF 
MONKTON. 

In the next paper, Judge J. D. Smith of Vergennes describes 
the kaolin works and iron ore beds of Monkton in Addison 
county. 

1. The nice little farming town of Monkton lies 
on the northern boundary of Addison county, six miles 
from Lake Champlain. It has some high hills that may 
be called mountains : one. Mount Florona, is 1035 feet 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 125 

Iiigh, and there is a beautifnl pond on one of its many 
hills. 

2. One hundred years ago, when most of the land 
was covered with a heavy forest, Stephen Barnum dis- 
covered a place in the sontli part of the town where the 
earth was white, in strange contrast with the adjoining 
land. 

3. Tlie wise men of that daj-^ told Mr. Barnnm that 
from some volcanic action, long ages before, a large 
mass of stony mineral was there thrown to the surface, 
which they had agreed to call feldspar, and that in 
after ages this feldsj)ar gradually softened, became de- 
composed, and formed a white clay such as was used la 
the manufacture of porcelain or china ware. Some 
attempt was made to use this white clay in making 
earthen ware ; and also in making fire bricks, but such 
attempts were not successful. 

4. About thirty years ago, it was found that this 
clay could be used to advantage in the manufacture of 
wall paper, giving a body and finish to the paper which 
was a great improvement on the old methods. Since 
tliat time a large amount of this clay, which is called 
" Kaolin," has been prepared for market and sent to 
different places in New England and New York. 

6. It was found that considerable gravel and sand 
were mixed with the material, which must be separated 
from it before it could be used ; extensive works were 
established for this purpose in Monkton upon a small 
stream of water, which is used to wash out the clay 
from the sand. 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 

6. The material, as it is dng from the clay bank, is 
thrown into a large reservoir, where it is stirred and 
kept in motion by steam power and then floated out into 
long troughs, where the sand gradually settles to the 
bottom, and the lighter clay is drawn off into vats, from 
which it is taken to the drying house and spread on 
shelves until it is thoroughly dried, wlien it is pulverized 
and packed into barrels or paper bags and sent to 
market. 

7. These kaolin works in Monkton are the most ex- 
tensive of any in the State of Vermont. Only two 
others are in successful operation — one in Bennington, 
and one in Shaftsbury. 

8. Near to the kaolin beds in Monkton is an iron ore 
bed which was once worked extensively by the Monk- 
ton Iron Company in Vergenncs, but is not now used. 
The cannon balls that Commodore McDonough used at 
the battle of Plattshnrgh were, many of them, made 
from the iron ore from Monkton. 





CHAPTER XIX. 

Marble and Granite Deposits— Poverty Year— Daniel Web- 
ster at Stratton. 




^HE working of marble in Yermont began 
very early. In 1806, a mill for sawing 
marble was built in Middlebury. In Man- 
chester, marble was discovered and worked 
nearly as early; and in "West Rutland, Wil- 
liam F. Barnes opened the first marble 
quarry in 1840. 

2. The quarrying of marble has since grown to bo 
one of the chief industries of the State. Marble comes 
in different colors as well as white, and the Swanton 
colored. Isle La Motte black and Rutland blue marbles 
are largely used where fancy colored marbles are re- 
quired. At first, only white marble found sale, but now 
all colors are merchantable. The largest company in 
the world for producing marble is located at Proctor, 
West Rutland and Rutland. Marble products are sent 
to all parts of this and other countries, and are used 
for buildings, monuments, curbing, and a great variety 
of purposes. 



1£8 



VEBMONT HISTORICAL READER. 




3. Granite was found and used nearly as early as 
marble. The second State House, begun at Montpelier 
in 1833, was built of Barre granite. The rapid growth 
of Barre, now a city, and of Hardvvick, in recent years, 
is due to their quarries of excellent granite. The Blue 
Mountain granite has furnislied the principal business 



VEEMONl HISTORICAL READER. 129 

of South Rjegate for some time. Asciitney Mountain 
and Black Mountain in Diimmerston contain excellent 
granite. Vermont granite is now sent to all parts of the 
country, and is largely used for buildings, monuments and 
curbing. 

A list of the towns in Vermont in which marble and 
granite are quarried may be found in another part of 
this book. 





POVERTY YEAR, 1816. 

year 1816 is known as the cold season, or 
" Poverty year." There was frost every month 
in the year. Snow fell in June and frosts cut 
down the growing corn and other crops. 

2. Among the few farmers in New England who had 
a good crop of corn was Thomas Bellows of Walpole, 
N, H., a town just across the Connecticut River, oppo- 
site Bellows Falls and Westminster, Vermont. He 
had more than he needed for his own use, and what he 
had to spare he sold in small quantities at the same price 
as in years of plenty, to such men as needed it for their 
families and could pay for it only in day's labor. 

3. One day a speculator called on Mr. Bellows to 
inquire his price for corn. He was much surprised to 
learn that it was no more than in years of plenty, and 



130 VERMONI HISTORICAL BEADEB. 

said he would take all Mr. Bellows had to spare. 
" You cannot have it," said the farmer, " I£ you want 
a bushel for your family, you can have it at my price, 
but no man can buy of me to speculate, in this year of 
scarcity." Some years later the incident was put into 
the following verse by George B. Bartlett : 








THE OLD SaUIBE. 

In the time of the sorrowful famine'year, 
When crops were scanty and bread was],dear, 

The good Squire's fertile and?sheltered[^farm 1 
In the valley nestled secure from harm. 

For the Walpole hills, in their ruj^ged might, 
Softened the chill winds' deathly blight, 

So the sweet Connecticut's peaceful stream 
Reflected the harvest's golden gleam : 

And the buyers gathered with eager greed, 
To speculate on the poor man's^need. 

But the good Squire said, " It is all in vain ; 
No one with money can buy^iy'grain. 



VERM0N2 HISTORICAL HEADER. 131 

But lie who is hungry may come and take 
An ample store for the giver's sake." 

The good okl man to his rest has gone, 
But his fame still shines in the golden corn. 

For every year in its ripening grain, 
The grand old story was told again, 

Of him whose treasure was laid away 

In the banks that seven-fold interest pay ; 

For to feed the hungry and clothe the poor . 
Is a speculation that's always sure. 




DANIEL WEBSTER ON STRATTON MOUNTAIN— THE 
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1840. 

Hon. D. K. Simonds of Manchester writes the following arti- 
cle on an interesting event in Vermont history : 

1. Even yonng people sometimes get excited over 
an election, but they can have little idea of the great 
excitement over the election in 1840. For three or four 
years there had been very hard times all over tlie 
country; nearly all the banks had failed; money was 
very scarce, and poor people had nothing to do and very 
little to eat. 

2. The political party in charge of the government had 
been in power a long time ; and when hard times come 
the blame is always laid upon the party in power, 
whether it is just or not. At this time, the opposition, 
or Whig party, claimed that the party in power were to 



132 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 

blame for tlie hard times, and that if they were kept in 
power longer, tlie country would be entirely ruined. 

3. Martin Yan Buren, then president of the United 
States, was renominated by his party, and the whigs 
nominated General William Henry Harrison for presi- 
dent and John Tyler for vice-president. The opposition 
to Harrison made fun of him, because, they said, he lived 
in a log cabin and drank nothing but cider. The whigs 
took up this as their war-cry and made the most of it. 

4. Vermonters were very wide awake at this elec- 
tion, and decided to hold a mass meeting and invite 
Daniel Webster, one of the greatest orators and states- 
men that ever lived, to address it. 

5. To give the people on both sides of the mountain 
a chance to attend the meeting, it was held on the top 
of the mountain in the town of Stratton, Windham 
county, on the line between that county and Bennington 
county. 

6. Great preparations were made for the event. 
JN early every town within fifty miles built a log cabin, 
hitched horses or oxen to it, and, accompanied by nearly 
all the men and boys in town, it was drawn up the 
mountain to Stratton. 

7. One cabin had twenty-six yokes of oxen, repre- 
senting the number of States in the Union at that time, 
the forward pair being small steers labeled " New Hamp- 
shire," that being a small State from which little was 
expected. 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 133 

8. Such shouting and singing were never heard be- 
fore. " Log Cabins and Hard Cider," " Van, Van is a 
used-up man," "Tippecanoe and Tyler, too," rent the 
air. General Harrison had won a noted battle in fight- 
ing the Indians at Tippecanoe Iliver in Indiana, some 
years before, and was called " Old Tippecanoe." 

9. Many had to camp out over night on the way, 
but they did not mind that ; it was all the greater fun. 
On the great day many thousands had assembled in the 
little clearing on the top of the Green Mountains in 
Stratton. Webster was there and ate his dinner from a 
shingle like the others, there being no plates. 

10. When all was ready, he mounted a stump and 
delivered his speech. No doubt it was a good one, as 
all his speeches were, but there were no short-hand 
reporters then and only the first sentence is remembered, 

11. It must have been worth going miles to hear the 
God-like Daniel, as he was called, say : " Fellow Citi- 
zens: — I have come to meet you among the clouds." 
It was indeed like Jove meeting with his council amid 
the clouds on Mount Olympus ; and people now living, 
who attended the great meeting, never tire of telling 
how they heard Daniel Webster speak on Stratton 
Mountain. 





CHAPTER XX. 



The Building of Railroads— John Q, Saxe's Poem— The War 
of 1 86 1-5— Vermont at the 
World's Fair. 




HEN Samuel Champlain first saw the north- 
western part of Yermont, the State was a 

great forest. There were in it a few lakes 
«.nd pondSj and a few rockj, barren acres ; the rest was 
all woods. There have been many changes since then. 
Even since the State was fully settled, the changes have 
been very great. 

2. Some farms where people once lived have again 
become forests, where trees grow instead of grass and 
grain, and partridges instead of chickens. The wagon 
roads have been changed in some places; and where once 
there were busy villages, no buildings are now to be 
seen, while cities have sprung up, and flourishing vil- 
lages and hamlets appear, where forests and small farms 
were found not long ago. 

3. Nothing has caused greater changes in Yermont 
than the opening of the lines of railroad. The ground 
wliere the village of White Kiver Junction now stands, 
with its dwellings, its shops, its stores, its offices, its 
hotels, its bank, its schools, and its churches, was an 
open meadow when the rails were first laid there in 

184:7. 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 135 

4. At the outlet of Island Pond, where a thousand 
people now dwell, only a few squirrels and muskrats 
lived when the surveyors for the railroad first camped 
there, and in summer the deer came daily to the pond 
to drink. 

5. Changes as great have occurred in other places. 
The father of the publisher of this book has hunted on 
the ground where the depot in the city of Rutland now 
stands. It wa3 a great swamp, and large piles, or logs, 
were driven into the ground to build the depot upon. 

6. Many Yermonters can now easily go in one day 
by rail to the places outside the State from which their 
great grandfathers came with difficulty in a week or 
ten days. In 1801, fifty hours were required to carry 
the mail from Burlington to Windsor ; now four hours 
is a sufficient time. Most of the articles we sell are 
carried away by the railroads, and most of the things 
we buy are brought by them. Business and pleasure 
lead many people to use the cars. Mr. John G. Saxe 
tells us what amusement he sometimes found when 
" ridino; on the rail." 








136 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 

RHYME OF THE RAIL. 

1. Singing through the forests, 

Rattling over ridges, 
Shooting under arches. 

Rumbling over bridges, 
"Whizzing through the mountains, 

Buzzing o'er the vale, — 
Bless me ! this is pleasant, 

Riding on the rail ! ■* 

2. Men of different " stations" 

In the eye of Fame, 
Here are very quickly 

Coming to the same. 
High and lowly people. 

Birds of every feather, 
On a common level 

Traveling together ! 

3. Gentlemen in shorts 

Looming very tall ; 
Gentlemen at large 

Talking very small ; 
Gentlemen in tights 

With a loose-ish mien ; 
Gentlemen in gray 

Looking rather green. 

4. Gentlemen quite old 

Asking for the news ; 
Gentlemen in black 

In a fit of blues; 
Gentlemen in claret 

Sober as a vicar ; 
Gentlemen in tweed 

Dreadfully in liquor ! 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 137 

5. Stranger on the right 

Looking very sunny, 
Obviously reading 

Something rather funny. 
Now the smiles are thicker, 

Wonder what they mean? 
Faith,— he's got the Knicker- 

Bocker Magazine ! 

6. Stranger on the left 

Closing up his peepers, 
Now he snores amain. 

Like the Seven Sleepers ; 
At his feet a volume 

Gives the explanation. 
How the man grew stupid 

From " Association!" 

7. Ancient maiden lady 

Anxiously remarks 
That there must be peril 

'Mong so many sparks ; 
Koguish -looking fellow. 

Turning to the stranger, 
Says it's his opinion 

She is out of danger ! 

8. Woman with her baby 

Sitting vis-a-vis ; 
Baby keeps a squalling, 

Woman looks at me ; 
Asks about the distance, 

Says it's tiresome talking. 
Noises of the cars 

Are so very shocking I 



(9) 



138 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 

9. Market woman careful 

Of the precious casket, 
Knowing eggs are eggs, 

Tightly holds her basket ; 
Feeling that a smash, 

If it came, would surely 
Send her eggs to pot 

Kather prematurely ! 

10. Singing through the forests, 

Battling over ridges. 
Shooting under arches, 

Rumbling over bridges. 
Whizzing through the mountains, 

Buzzing o'er the vale ; 
Bless me ! this is pleasant, 
. Elding on the rail ! 




VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 



139 




war. 




MAKING A CHARGE. 



5S3(^ THE CIVIL WAR. 

N 1861 the railroads were put to new uses. 
They were bus}'' carrying soldiers and supplies 
for war. 

2. Let us learn how there came to be a 
We read, near the beginning of this his- 

t r y , that 
black men were 
c,"' brought to tliis 
country from 
Africa,and were 
sold as slaves. 
This was about 
the same time that the Pilgrims came to Plymouth, 
Mass. More black men were brought afterwards, and 
at the time of the Revolutionary War negro slaves were 
held in every one of the original thirteen United States. 

3. Many people in all parts of the country thought 
slavery was wrong, and in a few years it had been abol- 
ished in all the Northern States, but the South still 
clung to it. Vermont, in her first constitution, adopted 
in 1777, made slavery unlawful. She was the first 
State to do so. 

4. Some men at the South then desired to stop 
slavery, but they were few in number. In the mean- 
time slavery had become very profitable, and the 
slaveholders had gained so many friends that slavery 
could not be abolished without war. 



140 VERMONT HISTOBICAL READER. 

5. Because slavery was profitable it grew, and as it 
grew it became worse in its influence and wickedness. 
The people who held slaves wanted more, and they 
wanted more slave Stales formed. The people who be- 
lieved that slavery was wrong resided mostly in the 
Northern States, and they believed it wrong to make 
any more slave States. So there were many disputes be- 
tween the people in the North and the South in regard 
to slavery. 

6. In 1856 a political party was formed to pre- 
vent, if possible, among other things, the making of 
any more slave States. In the fall of 1860 that party, 
which had grown in numbers during four years, elected 
Abraham Lincoln president of tlie United States, to 
take his office March 4, 1861. 

7. President Lincoln and the people who elected 
him said, through the speeches of their orators and the 
newspapers that supported them, that they only meant 
to see that slavery should not bo carried into any more 
new States, and that they would not disturb it where it 
already was. The Southern slaveholders, however, did 
not believe this, but thought the new president and his 
party would surely try to abolisli slavery altogether 
when they came into power ; so, as soon as it was 
known tliat Mr. Lincoln had been elected president, the 
leaders in the slave States, to protect their slave prop- 
erty, wanted their States to leave the Union, in which 
they then were, and they began to plan to do so. Pres- 
ident Buchanan, who was to hold office until March, 
was supposed to be in sympathy with the slaveholders. 



VERMONT HISTOBICAL BE A DEB. 141 




143 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 

8. Before the time arrived for President Lincoln to 
take Ills office, South Carolina and several other Sonth- 
ern States, by vote of their legislatures, declared them- 
selves out of the Union known as the United States of 
America, and formed a new Union, which they called the 
Confederate States of America. Tliis was dividing the 
country, which was against the United States laws and 
the constitution, and it was an attempt to destroy the 
government. The North said that States had no right 
to do these things, and they raised great armies to pre- 
vent it. 

9. The war began at Fort Sumter, near Charleston, 
in South Carolina, in April, 1861. The fort was at- 
tacked by Southern soldiers, called Confederates, April 
12. It was surrendered to them April 14. On tlie day 
of the surrender President Lincoln called for 75,000 sol- 
diers to defend the nation. 

10. Vermont sent her share. They were mustered 
from all parts of the State, into a camp near some large 
town, as Brattleboro, St. Johnsbury, Burlington, or Rut- 
land, where the}'^ were drilled and armed, put in charge 
of proper officers, and sent to the seat of war, gener- 
ally to Washington first and then fartlier south. They 
all bore their parts well, and at Gettysburg, and on 
many other battlefields, they showed themselves worthy 
descendants of the Green Mountain Boys who fought 
at Ilubbardton, Bennington, and Saratoga. 

11. On Memorial Day, May 30th, each year, such 
as remain active of the old soldiers gather with their 



VEEMONl HISTORICAL READER. 143 

friends to strew flowers on the graves of their comrades 
who have died, and to tell of the deeds they performed 
in the civil war, or war of the rebellion. Let ns never 
forget the flag so many have fought to uphold. 




THE^AMERICAN FLAG. 

When Freedom from lier mountain height, 

Unfurled her standard to the air, 
She tore the azure robe of night, 

And set the stars of glory there ! 
She mingled with its gorgeous dyes 

The milky baldric of the skies, 
And striped its pure celestial white 

With streakings of the morning light ; 
Then, from his mansion in the sun, 

She called her eagle bearer down. 
And gave into his mighty hand 

The symbol of her chosen land ! 

Flag of the free heart's hope and home. 

By angel hands to valor given ; 
Thy stars have lit the welkin dome, 

And all thy hues were born in heaven ! 
Forever float that standard sheet ! 

Where breathes the foe that falls before us— 
With freedom's soil beneath our feet, 

And freedom's banner streaming o'er us? 

—[Drake & Halleck. 



144 



[ VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 




VERMONT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR, 1893. 
A World's Fair was held in Chicago, for six months, 
in 1893. This was four Inindred j'ears after the discov- 
ery of America by Columbus, two hundred years after 
the first settlement in Vermont, and one hundred after 
the admission of Yermont to the Union. Many pro- 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 



145 



dncts of the Green Mountain State were exhibited there, 
and many of her sons and daughters went to the exhi- 
bition. They all found a quiet and homelike resting 
place at the Yermont State building. Many of the 
otlier States erected State buildings, and that Fair was 
the largest \yorld's Fair ever held. The cost of the 
buildings and of carrying on the Fair for six months 
amounted to many millions of dollars. Many of the 
buildings have been destroyed by fire, and others have 
been torn down, while the Art Gallery and those 
intended for permanent occupation yet remain. 






CHAPTER XXI. 

Primitive Customs— Extract from "Uncle 'Lisha's Shop"— 
A Child's Thought. 

The following account of customs that prevailed in many 
places in the early times has been kindly prepared by Henry K. 
Adams, Esq. , of St. Albans. 

,^ OUR PRIMITIVE CUSTOMS. 

UR primitive customs were similar to those in 
other settlements in the New England States. 
Stray cattle, etc., would be advertised from 
the door of the meeting house by the tith- 
ing-raan, who also preserved order. If boys were de- 
tected in laughing or in play during the sermon, they 
were walked up by the ear to the front seat. 

2. If any one was sick in the society, the minister 
would notify the congregation previous to the sermon, 
and ask what persons would take their turn in watching 
through the week. If the head of a family was sick, 
the neighbors would do his work for him. 

3. In many places, in early times, when a lady gave 
a party to her neighbors, they brought their spinning- 
wheels and spun in the yard till early candle light. 

4. If a man made " a bee " to gather his crops, the 
refreshments would be cold pork, johnny-cake, made 
from corn, mashed in the top of a log, sawed off and hoi- 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 147 

lowed out for the purpose, then known as " a plumping 
mill," which food would be washed down with corn 
whiskey or new rum. 

5. Table cutlery and crockery were almost unknown, 
especially plates. Ilara and eggs, pork and beans, were 
cut up together, and the family all ate from the same 
dish, called a trencher, 

6. Cooking was then done in a much different 
manner than at the present time. Stoves had not 
been made ; brick ovens were used, in which were placed 
the brown bread and pork and beans the night previous. 
In them also were baked gingerbread and pies. All 
these were shoveled in and out by a long, iron-handled 
shovel. Meats and vegetables were stewed together in 
iron pots suspended on cranes that swung in large open 
fire places. 

7. The mode of lighting our early homes was not 
as stylish as at the present time, but " the humble rush," 
soaked in grease and stuck in a piece of wood or half of 
a potato, shed its rays upon happy hearthstones and 
shone upon honest faces. And the tallow candles that 
followed, in the iron candlestick, gladdened the hearts of 
their inmates, and shed a serene ray upon the walls ol 
our early log cabins. Then came oil, in lamps of tin, 
and glass, followed by camphene, kerosene, gas, and 
" electric lights." 

8. When the old back-log of the fire-place gave out 
or failed to emit its sparks, the method of procuring fire 
or light was as novel as the light itself. Nearly every 



148 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 

family was provided with a pocket sun-glass, or with a 
tinder-box, which was eitlier filled with flax soaked in 
the balsam of pitch-pine, or with punk, gathered from 
decayed logs, which with a " steel handlet " struck fire 
with the contents of the box, held aside of a flint. This 
peculiar age of light was followed by strips of cedar 
dipped in brimstone, called lamp-lighters, the first of 
which were sold in bunches, and would quickly ignite 
by being held to a burning stick or coal of fire. Then 
came the old " loco-foco " matches, which to a great ex- 
tent have been improved upon, and now we have our 
present safety and parlor matches. 

9. A very common mode of travel, for both sexes, 
was upon horseback, the wife being seated behind on a 
cushion called a pillion, in which manner they would 
journey 'long distances to friends. Also, in the same 
style, go to church, weddings, and to market towns. 

10. The pipes of the early settlers were of home- 
made cobs, or freestone, with elder stems, and but few 
had tobacco. Dried mullein leaves mixed with mint was 
quite generally used for the weed. 

11. At funerals, the remains were borne to the grave 
in a lumber wagon or on ox sleds, frequently wrapped in 
buffalo robes. Now all is changed, and each year brings 
its advance in every department of our life. 





VERMONT HISIORICAL READER. 149 

EXTRACT FROM "UNCLE 'LISHA'S SHOP." 

BY KOWLAND KOBINSON. 

^ AM LOVELL hunted bee trees one afternoon. 
He had found two trees and had cut the let- 
)\T^ ters "S. L." deep in the bark whenit was time 
to go home, fie took his course through the 
pathless woods, stopping now and then to rest on a log 
or knoll that seemed with its cushion of moss to be set 
on purpose for him. 

2. During one of these halts, when half way through 
the woods, he heard a cry so strange that he paused to 
listen. Once more the wail struck his ear ; whether far 
away, or only faint and near, he could not tell. " Well," 
said he, " it may be a panther, or perhaps it's nothing 
but a blue-jay that has struck a new noise," and he went 
on, pausing, a little at times to locate the voice, which 
finally ceased. 

3. " If I had a gun, I'd go and see what kind of a 
creature is making it," he said ; then half forgot it. He 
had come to where he got glimpses of the broad 
daylight through the forest's western border, and where 
long glints of the western sun gilded patches of ferns 
and wood plants and last year's sere leaves. 

4. His quick wood-sight fell upon a little bright col- 
ored Indian basket overturned in a tuft of ferns. There 
were a few blackberries in it and others spilled beside 
it. " Why," he said, picking it up, " that is the basket 



150 VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 

I gave little Polly Purington last year ! It hasn't been 
dropped long, for the berries are fresh and there is a 
leaf that is scarcely wilted. She dropped it, for there 
are some puckerberries, and no one but a child would 
pick them. How came the little thing away up here?" 

5. Then he heard men's voices calling and answering 
in the woods far away at his left. " She is lost !" he 
cried, " and that was she I heard. What a fool I am !" 
He dropped his bee box, marking the spot with a glance, 
and sped back into the forest. 

6. He spent no time in looking for traces of the 
child's passage here, but hurried back to the place from 
which the strange cry had seemed to come, listening as 
he glided silently along. He knew that if she had not 
sunk down with fright, she would be circling away after 
the manner of lost persons, from where he had heard 
her. 

7. He moved more slowly now, and scanned every 
foot of forest floor about him. He at last saw a 
broken-down stock of ginseng, its red berries crushed 
by a foot-step, and found on a bush beyond, a thread of 
calico, then a small foot-print in the mold. He was 
sure of her course now, and thought she could not be 
far off. 

8. He did not call, for he knew with what terror 
even men are sometimes crazed when lost in the woods, 
when familiar sounds are strange and terrible. While 
for a moment he stood listening, he heard a sudden 
swish of the leaves and crash of undergrowth, and then 



VERMONT HISTORICAL READER. 151 

caught sight of a wild little form scurrying and tum- 
bling through the green and gray haze of shrubs and 
saplings. 

9. He never stalked a November partridge so care- 
fully as he went forward now. Not a twig snapped 
under his foot, nor branch sprung backward with a 
swish louder than the beat of an owl's wing. There 
was no sign in glance or motion that he saw, as he 
passed it, the terror-stricken little face that stared out 
fi-om a thicket of yew. 

10. Sure now that she was within reach, he turned 
slowly and said softly, " Why, Sis ! is this you? Don't 
you know me, Sam Lovell ? Here is your little basket 
that you dropped down yonder, but I am afraid the ber- 
ries are all spilled." And then he had her sobbing and 
moaning in his strong arms. 

4^ 




A CHILD'S^THOUGHT. 

^^^^n ^^ ^^^^- Ji^'i'iA c- K- r>OEB. 

'^0rTLY fell the twiliglit; 
v^^ In the glowing west 
IPW Purple splendors faded ; 
''^^ Birds had gone to rest ; 

All the winds were sleeping; 

One lone whip-poor-will 
Made the silence deeper, 
Calling from the hill. 



153 VERMONT HISTORICAL BEADER. 

3. Silently, serenely, 

From his mother's knee, 
In the gathering darkness, 

Still as still could be, 
A young child watched the shadows : 

Saw the stars come out ; 
Saw the weird bats flitting 

Stealthily aboiit ; 

3. Saw across the river 

How the furnace glow. 
Like a tiery pennant. 

Wavered to and fro ; 
Saw the tall trees standing 

Black against the sky. 
And the moon's pale crescent 

Swinging far and high. 

4. Deeper grew the darkness ; 

Darker grew his eyes 
As he gazed around him, 

In a still surprise. 
Then intently listening, 
"What is this I hear 
All the time, dear mother, 

Sounding in my ear ?" 

5. " I hear nothing." said she, 

" Earth is hushed and still." 
But he barkened, barkened, 

With an eager will, 
Till at length a (juick smile 

O'er the child-face broke, 
And a kindling lustre 

In his dark ej'es woke. 

0. " Listen, listen, mother ! 

For I hear the sound 
Of the wheels, the great wheels 

That move the world around V 
Oh, ears earth has dulled nqt ! 

In your purer sphere. 
Strains from ours withholden 

Are you wise to hear ? 





— — •••ii^n ■ — 

READING AND HAP LESSONS 

ON THE 

®cogmpI?y * of * Pennont. 

COUNTIES IN DETAIL. 



Notes on Civil Government. 










(10) 







'^^^ tfjA 5 ?> A/3' H U S eHt S 



V^tJi^ ^^•- 




CHAPTER XXII. 



Dates of Organization of the Counties of Vermont. 



Windham 


. 1778 


Franklin 


. 1792 


Bennington . . 


. 1778 


Caledonia . . 


. 1792 


Windsor 


. 1781 


Essex . . . 


. 1792 


Orange . . 


. 1781 


Orleans . . . 


. 1792 


Kutland . . . 


. 1781 


Grand Isle . . 


. 1802 


Chittenden 


. 1785 


Washington 


. 1810 


Addison . . 


. . 1787 


Lamoille 


. 1835 



Note. — All but two of the couuties of Vermont are bor- 
der counties, the other two may be called central counties. 
The first county to have a permanent settlement was Windham, 
in Vernon, 1690; the next was Windsor, in Springfield, 1753. 
So we begin the list of counties and towns on page 164 with 
Windham County first, taking the counties that border New 
Hampshire; next those that border Canada; next those that 
border New York ; then the central counties, ending with 
Lamoille, the county last formed. 

In each school let the county in which the school is situated 
be studied first. 

The first parts of this chapter have been marked by letters 
for more convenient use. The parts G and H may be 
taken last if any prefer. The journeys L are samples; the 
teacher should construct many others, some shorter than these. 
The use of a map and the drawing of maps are essential parts of 
this chapter. For the first maps drawn, a good unglazed ma- 
nila paper is best. The map should be not less thaia nine 
inches long. 



156 ZIJjSSONjS on GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
The Geography of Vermont in Twelve Divisions. 
A 

1. Yermont lies between the Connecticut E-iver on 
the east and the deepest part of Lake Champlain on the 
west. The rivers on the east side of the State flow into 
the Connecticut; the larger ones on the west flow into 
Lake Champlain ; a few in the southwest flow into the 
Hudson lliver, and three in the north flow into Lake 
Me mph rem agog. 

B 

2. If yon will look on a map of Yermont in your 
geography and trace a line between the sources of the 
rivers that flow into the Connecticut and the otliers, 
you will have the line of the main water-shed of tlie 
State. Begin at the south, just west of the Deerflcld 
lliver, and trace the mountains through Killington Peak, 
Lincoln Mountain, Camel's Hump, Mansfield Mountain 
to Jay Peak, and you will have the line of the main 
range of the Green Mountains. Now notice that south 




THE SUMMER HOME OF A CITY RESIDENT IN VERMONT 



LESSONS ON GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 157 
orLincoln Mountain the main water-shed and the main, 
range of mountains are shown by one line, also tliat 
three^Iarge rivers rise east of the main range and break 
through it. The main mountain range lies nearly 
north and south, while the main water-shed, after it 
parts from the main mountain range, runs towards the 
northeast in a very crooked line. 

C 

8. Draw on paper lines to represent the main moun- 
tain range^and tlie main watershed. Draw a line to rep- 
resent the Connecticut Iliver. From the upper part 
of the Connecticut, toward the west, draw a line to rep- 
resent the northern boundary of the State, and from the 
lower part, a " 
line to repre- 
sent the south- - ^-3^ 
ern boundary, 
and draw a line 
to represent 
the western 
boundary. Now 
you have an 
outline map of 
Vermont. Just 
outside the 
map, on the 
north, write 
Dominion of 
Canada; on the east. New Hampshire ; on the south. 







I'SE THE BIGGEST. 



158 L£:&'SOA^S ON GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
Massachusetts; on the west, New York. Now we 
have the boundary of the State, to be given in this 
way : Yermont is bounded on the north by the Domin- 
ion of Canada, east by New Hampshire, south by Mas- 
sachusetts, west by New York. 
D 
4. Draw Lake Champlain and Lake Meraphremagog. 
Notice that the Nulhegan and Clyde rivers rise near 
each other, and draw them. Draw the Passumpsic and 
Barton rivers; the Wells, the White and the Winooski; 
the Lamoille and the Missisquoi ; the Quechee, the 
Black, the West and the Deerfield ; the Walloomsac, the 
Battenkill, the Poultney and Otter Creek. 

E 

6. Mark on your map the places for South Vernon, 
Brattleboro, Bellows Falls, Windsor, White River Junc- 
tion, Wells River, St. Johnsbury, Newport, Richford, 
Swanton, St. Albans, Essex Junction, Burlington, Ver- 
gennes, Middlebury, Brandon, Rutland, Manchester, 
Bennington, Northfield, Montpelier, Barre, Williams- 
town, Lunenburgh. 

F 
6. Draw lines to represent the railroads from South 
Vernon to Newport ; from Newport through Richford 
to St. Albans; from Swanton to Bennington ; from Swan- 
ton to Lunenburgh ; from Burlington through Mont- 
pelier to Wells River; from Burlington through North- 
field to White River Junction ; from Rutland to Bellows 
Falls; from Montpelier to Williamstown. 



ZES>SONS ON OEOORAPHY OF VEBMONT. 159 
G 

7. Mark the places for South Londonderry^ Wilming- 
ton, Eeadsboro, Woodford, Poultney, Castleton, Fair 
Haven, New Haven, Bristol, Leicester Junction, Ticon- 
deroga beside Lake Champlain in New York, just oppo- 
site the boundary line between Shoreham and Orwell, 
Woodstock, Victory, Island Pond. 

H 

8. Draw lines to represent the railroads from White 
River Junction to Woodstock ; from Brattleboro to South 
Londonderry ; from JKeadsboro to Wilmington ; from 
Bennington to Woodford ; from Rutland to Fair Haven ; 
from Rutland to Poultney ; from New Haven to Bristol ; 
from Leicester Junction to Ticonderoga ; from West 
Concord to Victory ; through Island Pond. 

I 

9. Find the capital of the State and mark it. Find 
the shire towns that are already on the map and mark 
them. Find and mark the places for the other shire 
towns ; for North Hero in Grand Isle county, Hyde 
Park in Lamoille county, Guildhall in Essex county, 
Chelsea in Orange county, Newfaue in Windham 
county. 

J 

10. Find and mark the places for Johnson, Morris- 
ville, Hardwick, South Ryegate, Waterbury, Randolph, 
Springfield, Chester, Ludlow, North Troy, Enosburgh 
Falls, Bradford, Saxton's River, Westminster, Proctor, 
West Rutland. Isle La Motte. 



160 Li:SSONS' ON GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
K 
11. ' , There is a State House at the capital of the State 
and a court house and a jail at every shire town or 
county seat. There is a State prison at .Windsor, a 
heuse of correction at Ruthmd, an industrial school at 




SOLDIERS' HOME AT BENNINGTON- 

Vergonnes, an asylum for the insane at AVaterbury, and 
another at Brattleboro. There is a'soldiers' ^home at 
Bennington, a home for destitute children~at Burling- 
ton. At Westminster is conducted a home t'orliomeless 
boys called Ivurn Hattin Homes. There are colleges at 
Middlebury, Burlington and Northficld ; normal schools at 
,^.- _ -_ ^ Johnson, Castleton and 

'^ Bandolph. ]M early 

^;l^W ^%nr^tf'' every large village has 

BRATTLEBORO-ESTEY ORGAN WORKS- ^^^*-'l ^^'S'^^^ '"'^ '"^^^ 



LESSONS ON GEOGBAPHY OF VERMONT. 161 
in Brattleboro ; paper at Bellows Falls, Putney, Brad- 
ford, Newbury and at Olcott; weighing scales at St. 
Johnsbury and at Rutland ; cotton and woolen goods 




STATE NORMAL SCHOOL AT CASTLETON. 

are made in the State, manufactories of- one or the 
other being located at the following places : Winooski, 
Burlington, Bennington, Ludlow, Fairfax, Hartford, 
Gaysville, Pownal, Derby, Hartland, Craftsbury, Bar- 
ton, Cabot, Proctorsville, Cavendish, Bridge water and 
Johnson ; boots and shoes at Bethel, South Boyalton, 
Burlington, Windsor, Newport and Wilmington ; and 
articles of many kinds at Springfield, Montpelier, Rich- 
ford, Middlebury, North Bennington, St. Albans, Enos- 
burgh, Vergennes, Rutland and Barre. 

There are marble quarries in West Rutland, Rutland, 
Proctor, Pittsford, Clarendon, Brandon, Dorset, Mid- 
dlebury', Swanton and Isle La Motte. Slate is quarried 



162 LBSSONS ON GEOGRAPHY OF VERMONT. 
at Poultnej, Pawlet. Castleton and Fair Haven ; gran- 
ite at Barre, Hardwick, Soutli Ryegate, Woodbury, 
Willi amstown, Derby and Dninmcrston ; and soap-stone 
is worked in Chester. 

L 
12. A passenger goes by rail from Newport throngli 
Ricliford and St. Albans to Bennington. Along what 
rivers and through what cities, towns and villages does 
he pass ? Along what rivers and through what towns 
does one pass in going from Burlington to Bellows Falls 
by way of Northfield ? In returning to Burlington by 
way of Rutland ? A granite worker goes by rail from 
Hardwick through St. Johnsbury to South Ryegate, 
thence to Barre, and from Barre to Hardwick by way of 
Essex Junction. Beside what rivers and through what 
towns does he travel ? (See map on page 154.) 




VERMONT STATE FLAG. 




NASSAC IHIUSETTS 



164 LESSONS ON GEOORAPHY OF VERMONT. 



TOWNS, CITIES AND GORES IN VERMONT. 



Windham County. Caledonia County. 

Vernon Kyegate 

Ouilford Grotpn 

Halifax Peacham 

Whitiugham SF"^* , 

Wilmington JYatertord 

Marlboro ^t. Jobusbury 

Brattleboro w VT 

Dummerston jY^^'i^i} , 

Newfane Hardwick 

33over btanuard 

Somerset Wbeelock 



Stratton 
Wardsboro 



Lyndon 
Kirby 



Brookline ??^i'i^® 

Putney §P**i?^ , 

Westminster bliettield 

Athens Newark 

Townshend Essex County 

fedtn^derry ^^^d 

Kockingham '^f^;^^^ 

Windsor County. East Haven 

„ . •' Brighton 

Springfield Ferdinand 

Chester Maidstone 

Andover Brunswick 

Weston Bloomfield 

Ludlow Lewis 

Cavendish Averill 

Baltimore Lemington 

Weathersfield Canaan 

Windsor Norton 

West Windsor Avery's Gore 

Beading Warren's Gore 

Plymouth Warner's Grant 

Bridgewater Orleans County. 



Woodstock 
Hartland 



^^^ uxcvuv^ Greensboro 

Hartford Craftsbury 

Pomfret Lowell 



Barnard 



Albany 



Stockbridge Glover 

Eochester Barton 

Bethel Irasburgh 

Eoyalton Coventry 

Sharon Brownington 

Norwich Westmore 

Charlestown 

Orange County. Morgan 

Thetford gefb?*^ 

Strafford NewDort 

Tunbriflge Tro,- 

Eandolph Westfield 

Braintree t^v 

Brookfield t^^,,. ^ . 

Chelsea pMnklin County. 

Vershire Higligate 

West Fairlee Franklin 

Fairlee Berkshire 

Bradford Eichford 

Corinth Montgomery 

Washington Enosbnrgh 

Williamstown Sheldon 

Orange Swanton 

Topsliam St. Albans 

Newbury Fairiield 

Note — The cities of Vermont are 

pelier and Barre, and are given in 
last two were chartered in 1894. 



Bakersfield West Eutland 

Fletcher Castleton 

Fairfax Fair Haven 

Georgia West Haven 

Avery's Gore Poultney 

Grand Isle County. cilrendon 

Alburgh ^]Fer^y^!^"J"y 

IsleLaMotte ¥*-„^°^l5' ^ 

North Hero \\alhngfprd 

Grand Isle i'-H"?,'^^}*^ 

South Hero Middletown 

Chittenden County. Pawlet 

Milton Danby 

Westford Mt. Tabor 

Underbill a ■ l r> l 

Jericho Benninijton County. 

Essex Eupert 

Colchester Dorset 

Burlington Peru 
South Burlington Landgrove 

Williston Winhall 

Shelburue Manchester 

St. George Sandgate 

Eichmond Arlington 

Bolton Sunderland 

Huntington Glastenbury 

Hinesburgh Sbaftsbury 

Charlotte Bennington 
Buel and Avery's Woodford 

Gore Searsburg 

Addisor, County. l^g-o 

Ferrisburgh Pownal 

Monkton ... . ■ . « . 

Starksboro Washington County. 

Vergeunes Eoxbury 

Panton Warren 

Waltham Fayston 

Addison Waitsfield 

New Haven Nortbtield 

Bristol Barre 

Lincoln City of Barre 

Granville Berlin 

Eipton Moretowu 

Middlel>ury Duxbury 

Weybridge Waterbury 

Bridport Middlesex 

Shorebam Montpelier 

( 'or n wall East Montpelier 

Salisbury Plainfleld 

Hancock Marshfield 

Goshen Calais 

Leicester Worcester 

Whiting Woodbury 

Orwell Cabot 

sSr'" "*'• Haflrcfo^r 

Brandon Lnmoiile County. 

Benson Stowe 

Hul)bardton Elmore 

Pittsford Morristown 

Chittenden Camlindge 

Pittsfield Waterville 

Sherburne .Tolmson 

Mendon Hyde Park 

Eutland Wolcott 
C!ity of Eutland Eden 

Proctor Belvidere 
Yergennes, Burlington, Eutland, Mont- 
the order of their iucorporation; the 




CHAPTER XXIII. 

COUNTIES IN DETAIL. 



North — Windsor County. 




South— Massachusetts. 
WINDHAM COUNTY. 
Bounded : North by Windsor county, east by New 
Hampshire, south by Massachusetts, west by Benning- 
ton county. Shire town, Newfane. Number of towns, 




166 CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. 

23. ropiilation, 26,547. Important towns and villages: 
Brattleboro, Westminster, Bellows Falls, Saxton's River, 
South Londonderry, Wilmington, Newfane, Jamaica, 
Putney and Wliitingham. Incorporated with present 
boundaries in 1781, with Westminster and Marlboro as 
half shires. Newfane was made the shire town in 1787, 
— ^/— X ^-. ^ "A ^rfi.' and a court 



,^, _ ^ '3r-"-j.-' '*^ house and a jail 
.v-7% ^^•'^ .&^,-|>^Ast^^^/ were built on 

Newfane Hill, 

where they re- 

' mai n e d till 

1824, when the 

BRATTLEBORO AND THE CONNECTICUT RIVER. ^ 

6hire was removed to the village in the valley then called 
Fayetteville, now called Newfane. From 1778 to 1781, 
this county formed a part of Cumberland county, which 
extended from Massachusetts to Canada and from the 
Connecticut River to the Green Mountains and had 
Westminster and Newbury for half shire towns. 

At Yernon was the first settlement in the State, in 1690. 
The town of Dummerston was among the first to op- 
pose British rule ; at Westminster tlie New Hampshire 
Grants were declared to be an independent State. Guil- 
ford was settled in 1764; and from 1791 to 1800 was 
the most populous town in Vermont. Bellows Falls, in 
the town of Rockingham, was settled in 1753. Fort 
Dummer was built at Brattleboro in 1724. 

The rivers of Windham county are the Deerfield, the 
West, the Saxton's and the Williams rivers. 



CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. 167 

There are bnt few natural ponds in this county. The 
best known are Ray Pond and Haystack Pond, in 
Wihninston, and Sadawo-a Pond in Wliitino-ham. 




VERMONT ACADEMY BUILDINGS, SAXTON'S RIVER. 

At Saxton's River is located Vermont Academy, 
a well conducted school. At West Brattleboro is lo- 
cated Glenwood Classical Seminary ; at Townshend is 
Leland & Gray Seminary, incorporated in 1834. The 
public schools at Brattleboro, Bellows Falls, and 
throughout the county, are liberally supported. 

At Brattleboro is located the Brattleboro Retreat, an 
institution for the care of the insane, established in 1834. 

The Estey Organ Works at Brattleboro have a world- 
wide reputation, and are among the largest manufac- 
turing concerns of the United States. 

The Fall Mountain Paper Company, having the 
largest mills for paper making in the State, is at Bel- 
lows Falls; where also are extensive manufactures of 
dairy and farm implements. Bellows Falls was named 



168 



COUNTIES OF VERM0N2, 




COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 169 

after a Mr. Bellows, who settled there and at Walpole, 
N. H., very early. 




HIGH SCHOOL, BRATTLEBORQ. 

Wilmington, in 1751, was known as Draper, and 
Dummerston, in 1753, was called Fullnra. 

This county ranks sixth in population, and was organ- 
ized the saofie year as Bennington county. 



(11) 



170 



CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. 

North — Orange County. 




South— "Windham County. 
WINDSOE COUNTY. 
Bounded : North by Orange county, east by New 
Hampsliire, south by Windham county, west by Rut- 



COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 171 

land and Addison counties. Shire town, Woodstock. 
Number of towns, 24. Population, 31,706. Important 
towns and villages : White River Junction, Woodstock, 




NORV :, /,-__:,-.., _:_:;ary, WOODSTOCK. 

Springfield, Windsor, Hartford, South Royalton, Bethel, 
Ludlow, Hartland. Norwich, Cavendish, Rochester, Ches- 
ter. Incorporated in 1781, with Windsor, which was 
settled in 1764, for the shire town. AVoodstock became 
the shire town in 1788. 

The oldest establisljed newspaper in the State, the 
Yermont Journal, which began in 1783, is still published 
at Windsor. There was a shoi-t time when it was not 
issued. The Vermont State prison w\is established in 
Windsor in 1807, and is managed by a board of three 
directors appointed by the governor. 



172 



COUNTIES OF VF.nMONT. 




OLD CONSTITUTION HOUSE, WINDSOR, 1777, 

The Convention of the New Hampshire Grants hav- 
ing met in Westminster, Windham county, on January 
15th, 1777, and declared themselves a free and inde- 
pendent State called " New Connecticut," adjourned to 
meet at Windsor on the first Wednesday in June 
following, and changed the name to " Vermont," 
and ordered a constitutional convention. The first 
constitution of Vermont was adopted there in July, 
1777, and the government of the State was organ- 
ized there March 12, 1778. The building where the 
meeting was held is shown in the above cut ; it has been 
repaired and is still standing on a different site. 

Settlements under New Hampshire grants were made 
in Springfield, Hartland and Hartford as early as 1763. 
Some people, who had no grant or deed of the land, set- 
tled in Springfield in 1753. 

Many yeai'S ago at Plymouth a Quaker by the name 
of Tyson had a furnace for iron ore working, and made 



CO UNTIES OF VERM0N2. 173 

iron there for years. The place became known as 
Tyson Furnace. 

The first steam railway passenger train in Yermont 
was run from White River Junction to Bethel, June 26, 
1848. 

At Amsden, in the town of Weathersfleld, are gray 
lime works, the products of which are shipped all over 
the country. 




OLCOTT ON THE CONNECTICUT RIVER. 

The chief rivers of this county are the Black, Otta- 
quechee and "White rivers. 

The principal lakes in this county are Silver Lake in 
Barnard, and the ponds on the Black River in Plymouth 
and Ludlow. 

The public schools of Windsor county compare favor- 
ably with the best in the State. Black River Academy 
is at Ludlow, and at South Woodstock an intermediate 
and a grammar school have been established in the old 
Green Mountain Perkins Academy. Windsor county 
has more graded schools than any other county in the 
State. 

Chester was called New Flamstead in February, 
1754:, and the name afterwards changed. 



174 



COUNTIES OF VEBMONT. 



Springfield is a growing manufacturing town. 
This county and Kutland and Orange counties were 
organized the sanae year, 1781. 




BLACK RIVER ACADEMY, LUDLOW. 

This county ranks third in population ; only Eutland 
and Chittenden counties exceed it. 




COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 

North — Washingtou and Caledonia Counties. 



175 




South — Windsor County. 
OEANGE COUNTY. 
Bounded: North by Washiiifijton and Caledonia 
counties, east by New Hampshire, south by Windsor 
county, west by Addison and "Washington counties. 
Shire town, Chelsea. Number of towns, 17. Population, 
19,575. Important towns and villages : Chelsea, Brad- 
ford, Newbury, Wells Kiver, Williamstown, Randolph, 
Thetford and Topsham. Incorporated in 1781, and 
extended then from Windsor county to Canada. The 
first courts for Orange county were held in Thet- 
ford. Newbury was made the shire town in 1785 
and Chelsea in 1796. The first settlement in the 



176 CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. 

county was in Newbury in 1762, where the land called 
the. Ox Bow had long been cleared, and where the 
Indians had planted corn nearly sixty years before. 
The rivers are the Ompompanoosuc, the Waits and the 
Wells in the eastern part, and branches of the White 
and the Winooski rivers in the west. Fairlee Lake in 
Fairlee and Thetford, and Morey Lake in Fairlee, on 
which Morey's 
steamboat plied in 
1791, are the most 
important lakes in 
this county. Morey's 
steamboat was the 
first steamboat built 
in the United States. 
Tradition says it was 
sunk in the lake. A ^-^ 
State Normal Scliool ' 
IS located at Ean- state normal school, Randolph. 
dolph, and many good schools are liberally supported 
in this county. The Bradford Academy is a good 
Ky representative, and others are at Thet- 
ford, Newbury, Chelsea, Eandolph and 




Corinth. 




MOREY LAKE FAIRLEE. 

and grand list in the county, 



The legislature con- 
vened in Newbury in 
1787 and 1801. The 
town of Randolph has 
the largest population 



COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 177 

This county ranks eleventh in population, and was 
organized the snrae year as Kutland and Windsor 
counties. 




178 



CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. 

North— Orleans County. 



CALEDONIA 

COUNTY. 




South— Orange County. 

CALEDONIA COUNTY. 

Bounded : North by Orleans county, east by Essex 
county and New Hampshire, south by Orange county, 
west by Washington, Lamoille and Orleans counties. 
IShire town, St. Johnsbury. Number of towns, 17. Pop- 
ulation, 34,436, Important towns and villages: St. 
Johnsbury, Mclndoes, Lyndonville, Danville and Hard- 
wick. Incorporated in 1792, with Danville for the shire 



COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 179 

town. St. Johnsbury was settled in 1786 and became the 
shire town in 1856. The first settlement in this county 
was in Barnet in 1770. The first settlers came from other 





LYNDONVILLE FROM THOMPSON HALL. 

English colonies, but in a few years so many immigrants 
came from Scotland that they outnumbered all the other 
settlers. These all were active in support of the inde- 
pendence of the United States and of Vermont. From 
them the county was called Caledonia, which was an old 
name of Scotland, This county has many good schools, 
among which are the St. Johnsbury Academy, the Lyn- 
don Institute at Lyndon Center, the Caledonia County 
Grammar School at Peacham, Hard wick Academy at 
Hardwick, Lyndon Academy at Lyndon, Phillips Acad- 
emy at Danville, Mclndoes Falls Ljstitute at Mclndoes 
Falls. 

The rivers of this county are the Passumpsic River 
and its branches. Groton Pond in Groton and Joe's 



180 



COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 



Pond in Danville are the most important ponds in this 
county. 




.. M, br. JuHN.bURY. 

This county ranks seventh in population, and was 
organized the same year as Franklin, Essex and Orleans 
counties. 



'^^m^^^^ ,: 1. 1 ^ '" -^ 

^^g*-^ 'V'. "l • -\ ■''ii'si'li ,11, '^^ 



FAIRBANKS SCALE WORKS, ST. JOHNSBURY. 



CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. 



181 



North— Dominion of Canada. 

■J- 







South — New Hampshire. 

ESSEX COUNTY. 

Bounded : North by the Dominion of Canada, east 

and south by New Hampshire, west by Caledonia and 

Orleans counties. Shire town, Guildhall. Number of 

townsj 13. Population, 9,511. Important towns and vil- 



182 COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 

lages: Guildhall, West Concord, Lunenburgh, Canaan, 
Island Pond. This county still contains three unorgan- 
ized towns — Ferdinand, Lewis and Averill, and several 
gores. Incorporated in 1792. Organized by the ap- 
pointment of officers in 1800. The first court in 
the county was held in Lunenburgh and the next in 
Brunswick. Guildhall was made the shire town in 1802. 
The first settlement in the county was at Guildhall in 



- '\ 


^^t^ 


Si I -^^^jr— — « 


\ 


ysi nmw 


^ 


m ^ 





ISLAND POND HIGH AND GRADED SCHOOL. 

1764. This was the most northerly settlement in Ver- 
mont that was kept up during the Revolutionary War. 
The first normal school in the United States was es- 
tablished at Concord, in this county, in 1823, and was 
incorporated two years Liter. The chief rivers are the 
Nulhegan, Paul stream and the Moose, a branch of the 
Passumpsic. Among the lakes and ponds are : Miles' 



CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. I83 

Pond, Concord; Neal's Pond, Lunenburgh; Maidstone 
Lake, Maidstone ; Leach Pond, Canaan ; Great Averill 
Pond, Averill ; Norton Pond, Norton ; Island Pond, 
Brighton. This county is next to the smallest in the 
State in square miles and population. 

The village of Island Pond has a population of 2000, 
and is a division point on the Grand Trunk railway, just 
half way between Montreal and Portland. This and the 
manufactuie of lumber furnishes the business of the 
place. It has a flourishing high and graded school. 

At Guildhall is the Essex County Grammar School. 




184 



CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. 

North— Dominion of Canada. 




South — Caledonia and Lamoille Counties. 
ORLEANS COUNTY. 
Bounded : North by the Dominion of Canada, east 
by Essex and Caledonia counties, south by Caledonia and 
Lamoille counties, west by Franklin and Lamoille counties. 
Shire town, Newport. Number of towns, 18. Population, 
22,101. Important towns and villages : Newport, Barton, 

Barton Landing, Der- 



by, West Derby, North 
Troy. This cou nty was 
incorporated in 1792. 
!! AVIien the county was 
incorporated only two 
towns now in it had 




LAKE MEMPHREMAGOG, NEWPORT. 



COUNTIES OF VERM0N2. 185 

been settled ; Craftsbnry in 1788, and Greensboro in 
1789. The population of the two towns at that time 
was thirtj-seven persons. The first courts in the 
county were held in 1800. Brownington and Crafts- 
bury were half shires. Irasbnrgh became tlie shire town 
in 1816, and Newport in 1886. During the war of 
1812 the growth of the towns in the northern part of 
this county was greatly hindered. There were small 
forts in Derby and in Troy. In December, 1813, a 
British force from Canada captured and carried away 
from Derby supplies that had been collected for the 
American army. The rivers of this county are tlie 
Clyde, Barton and Black, emptying into Lake Mem- 
phremagog, and branches of the Lamoille and Missis- 
quoi rivers. Among the lakes are Crystal Lake in Bar- 
ton, Willoughby Lake in Westmore, Seymour Lake in 
Morgan, Caspian Lake in Greensboro, About one-third 
of Lake Memphremagog, which is a noted summer resort 
and a fine body of water, is located in this county and 
the remainder in Canada. Newport is located on this 
lake and ranks first in population in the county. 

The principal Kterary institutions and schools of the 
county are Newport Academy and Graded School at 
Newport, Derby Academy at Derby, Craftsbury Acad- 
emy at North Craftsbury, Albany Academy at Albany, 
Barton Academy and Graded School at Barton, 
Barton Landing Academy at Barton Landing, Orleans 
County Grammar School at Brownington, Orleans Lib- 
eral Institute at Glover, Charleston Academy at 
(12) 



186 COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 

Charleston, Coventry Academy at Coventry, Holland 

Academy at Holland, Morgan Academy at Morgan. 

At Derby is a soldiers' monument, erected in 1867. 
Derby ranks second in population in tlie county. 




DERBY ACADEMY, DERBY CENTER, VT., ORGANIZED IN SEPT., 18t0. 

Derby Center is four miles from Newport and Derby 
Line. 

This county ranks ninth in population, and was organ- 
ized the same year as Franklin, Essex and Caledonia 
counties, 1792. 



COUNTIES OF V'ERMONT. 

. North- -Dominion of Canada. 



187 




FRANKLIN | 

C OTJN T Y. O 

<! 



South— Lamoille and Chittenden Counties. 
FKANKLIN COUNTY. 

Bounded : North by the Dominion of Canada (Prov- 
ince of Quebec), east by Orleans and Lamoille counties, 
south by Lamoille and Chittenden counties, west by 
Grand Isle county. Shire town, St. Albans, organ- 
ized in 1788. Number of towns, 14. Population, 29,- 
755. Important towns and villages : St. Albans, East 
Fairfield, Bakersfield, Richford, Enosburgh Falls, High- 
gate, Swanlon, Fairfax and Montgomery. Incorpo- 
rated in 1792. The first court was held at St. Al- 
bans in 1797. At first this county contained por- 
tions of the present Gr;\nd Isle and Lamoille counties. 

The first English settlement was at St. Albans before 
the Revolutionary War. Fairfax was settled in 1783. 
Many of the first settlers in Ilighgate were Dutch, who 



188 CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. 

supposed they had settled in Canada till the line was 
run afterward. In Swanton, Indians, who were inhabi- 
tants of the old Indian village there, lived many years 
after the white people came. There were exciting 
scenes in the northern part of this county during a Can- 
adian war of rebellion in 1837. Several companies of 
militia were called out, and General Wool of the United 
States army was sent to command them and keep the 
peace. 




DEPOT AT ST. ALBANS. 

The rivers of the county are the Missisquoi and the 
Lamoille and their branches. The Missisquoi is naviga- 
ble from Lake Champlain to Swanton, six miles. 

Among the natural ponds are Metcalf's in Fletcher, 
Fairfield in Fairfield, and Franklin in Franklin. 

A soldiers' monument has been erected at Swanton ; 
and at Franklin, memorial tablets for the soldiers have 
been placed in a public hall. 

At St. Albans is the largest creamery in the world, 
having a capacity of 25,000 pounds of butter daily. 
It was incorporated in October, 1890. 



COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 189 

Brigham Academy at Bakersfield is a flourishing 
school, having an endowment of $100,000. The St. 
Albans, Richford, Swanton, Enosburgh Falls, Fairfax, 
Georgia and Fairfield public schools are representative 
institutions, and all the schools of this county rank high. 




BRIGHAM ACADEMY, BAKERSFIELD. 

Every town in this county except one has a population 
exceeding one thousand ; it ranks fourth in the number 
of its inhabitants and was organized the same year as 
Caledonia, Essex and Orleans counties. 



190 



NOETH- 



CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. 
GRAND ISLE COUNTY. 



Dominion of Can- 
ada. 



^<r^•^^ 



Bounded : North by tlie 
Dominion of Canada, cast 
by Franklin and Chitten- 
den counties, south by Chit- 
tenden county, and west 
by New York. Shire town, 
North Hero. Number of 
towns, 5. Population, 3,843. 
Alburgh is the most populous 
town, and Grand Isle is next 
in the number of its inhabi- 
tants. Incorporated in 1802. 
The first court was held in 
180G. The court house was 
built in 1824. This county 
consists of a peninsula and 
several islands, with a portion 
of the surrounding waters of 
Lake Champlain. The large 
islands are connected with 
South— Cliittenclen Co. the mainland by bridges, and 
Grand Isle and North Hero are connected with each 
other by bridges. The tirst settlement was in Alburgh in 
1782, by people who thought they were settling in Can- 
ada. Fort St. Anne, built on Isle La Motte in 1666, 
was the first place occupied by white men in Vermont. 
Just before the battle of Plattsburgh, during the war of 
1812, Captain Pring of the British army landed with a 




COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 191 

small force on the west side of Isle La Motte ^aiid 
erected a battery to command the passage-way down the 
lake, and takhig charge of the island required the in- 
habitants to come with their teams and help build the 
battery. This force went away after the battle. 




Grand Isle county has no rivers nor ponds, and is the 
smallest in the number of square miles and in popula- 
tion. It was organized next after Orleans county. 

This county is becoming a great summer resort and 
is noted for its beautiful drives and scenery. Fine 
fruit orchards are located here. Isle La Motte has 
extensive quarries of black and other colored marbles. 



CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. 

North— Franklin County. 







South— Addison County. 
• CHITTENDEN COUNTY. 
Bounded : North by FraDklin county, east by La- 
moille and Washington counties, south by Addison 
county, west by New York and Grand Isle county. 
Shire town, Burlington. Number of towns, 16. Popu- 
lation, 35,389. The important places are : Burling- 
ton,'Richmond, Milton, Essex Junction, Winooski, Shel- 
burne, Jericlio, TJnderliill. This county was incorpo- 
rated in 1787. The first courts were held in Colches- 



COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 193 

ter, of which Winooski is now the principal village, 
Burlington was made the shire town in 1790, and was 
incorporated as a city in 1864. At first this county 
extended from Addison county to Canada and from New 
York to the Green Mountains. 

Burlington is the largest city in the State. It has elec- 
tric street cars, public hospitals, United States custom 
honse, and other tine buildings, and is a large lumber 
market. 




UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT BUILDINGS, BURLINGTON, liberally SU p- 

ported and rank higli. At Essex is the Essex Classical 
Institute, with a good reputation. 

The first settlement was at Colchester in lTT3, where 
Remember Baker and Ira Allen built a block house 
which they called Fort Frederick. During the Revolu- 
tionary War, the people of this county were liable to 
attacks of the British and Indians and many of them 



194 COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 

withdrew to safer places. Burlington was settled in 

1774. 

This county was the home of Governor Chittenden, 
and of Ethan Allen in his last days. A military post 
recently established by the United States in the town of 
Essex is named Fort Ethan Allen. (See cut on another 
page). 




THE CONVERSE SCHOOL BUILDING, BURLINGTON. 

The first telegraph line in the State was opened from 
Troy, N. Y., to Burlington, February 2, 1848. 

The rivers of the county are the La Plotte, the Wi- 
nooski, and the Lamoille, with branches of these. The 
Falls of the Winooski, between Winooski and Essex 
Junction, are among the most interesting in the State. 



CO UXT[ES OF VERM O XT. 195 

Shelbiirne and Hinesburgh ponds are the largest in 
the county. 




BISHOP HOPKINS HALL, BURLINGTON- 

The Vermont Agricultural College was chartered by 
the State in 1864, and in 1865 was incorporated with 
the University of Yermont. 

This county ranks second in population, and was 
seventh to organize, which was in 1787. 



COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 

North— Chittenden County. 




South— Rutland County. 

20, CITY OF VERGENNES-LAKE DUNMORE IS IN SALISBURY AND LEICESTER. 

ADDISON COUNTY. 
Bounded : North by Chittenden county, east by 
Washington, Orange, and Windsor counties, south by 
Rutland county, and west by New York. Shire 
town, Middlebury. Number of towns, 23. Population, 
22,277. Important towns and villages : Middlebury, Bris- 
tol, Vergennes, Shoreham, Orwell, Ferrisburgh, Starks- 
boro, New Haven, Lincoln. Vergennes is a city ; settled 
in 1766 ; incorporated in 1788 ; and is one of the oldest 




STARR HALL, MIDDLEBURY 
COLLEGE. 



COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 197 

cities in New England. It is 480 rods long by 400 rods 
wide, containing only 1200 acres of land. An arsenal was 
located at Vergennes by the United States government 
about 1812. The county was incorporated in 1785. It 
then extended from Rutland county 
to Canada. Addison and Colchester 
were half shires. After the incor- 
poration of Chittenden county in 
1787, the courts were held in Ad- 
dison till 1792. Since that time 
they have been held in Middle- 
bury. 

The first settlements by the Eng- 
lish were in 1766, in Middlebury^ 
Shoreham, Vergennes, and Addison. 
There was a settlement made by the French at Chim- 
ney Point in Addison in 1730; a fort had been built 
there previously, in 1690. This had become a thriv- 
ing village when the French army was driven from 
Lake Champlain in 1759, and the inhabitants followed 
the army to Canada. 

A school for young ladies was opened in 1800, at Mid- 
dlebury, and was taught for several years at a later period 
by Mrs. Emma Willard. It was one of the first schools 
in America for the higher education of women. 

Middlebury College, chartered in 1800, is a well- 
known institution of learning, pleasantly located at Mid- 
dlebury, and bears an excellent reputation. Bceman 
Academy is located at New Haven and is a well con- 
ducted school. 



198 



CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. 



The vessels of Commodore McDonough's fleet, used 
at the battle of Plattsburgh in 1814, were built at Ver- 
gcnnes. 

The State maintains at Vergennes the Vermont In- 
dustrial School, managed by three trustees appointed by 
the governor. 

Many of the exploits of the early Green Mountain 
Boys occurred in this county. 



|i 





STATE INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL AT VERGENNES. 

The Otter Creek and its brandies and the Little Ot- 
ter Creek and the Lewis Creek are the chief rivers of 
the county. The Otter Creek is navigable from its 
mouth to Vcrgennc?, a distance of eight miles, where is 
a good water power. The falls are about 150 feet 
wide with thirty-seven feet fall. 

Bristol is now connected with New Haven by a rail- 
road, recently built. 



COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 199 

Middlebiiry has valuable marble quarries and a good 
water power. 

At Leicester are large lime manufactories. 

Lake Dunmore, in Salisbury and Leicester, is tlie most 
important lake in the county, and tlie history of Ethan 
Allen and the Green Mountain Boys is closely connected 
with that body of water. 

This county ranks eighth in population, and was 
oiganized two years before Chittenden county. 




200 



COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 



North— Addison County. 



^^_Cog 




South — Bennington County. 
EUTLAND COUNTY. 
Bounded: Nortli by Addison county, east by Wind- 
sor county, south by Bennington county, west by I^ew 
York. Shire town, Ruthind city. Number of towns, 28. 
Population, 45,397. Important towns and villages ; 
"Wallingford, Proctor, Pittsford, Brandon, West Rut- 



COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 



201 



land, Fair Haven, Castleton, Ponltney, Danby, Pawlet, 
Kutland. There is Rutland town and lliitland city. 
The present towns of Rutland, West Rutland, Proctor 
and the city of Rutland, were formerly all one — the town 
of Rutland. Proctor was formerly called Sutherland 
Falls, and these falls, on Otter Creek, are one hundred 
and twenty-two feet liigh. This county was incorporated 
in 1781, extending at first from Bennington county to 
Canada. The first courts were held in a log tavern, or 
hotel, of two rooms, in Tinmoutli. The first court in 




HIGH SCHOOL BUILDING, RUTLAND, VT. 

Rutland was held in 1786, and the State legislature 
met there in 1784, 1786, 1792, 1794, 1796, 1797, 
1804: ; and the building used for that purpose is still 
standing on West street in the city of Rutland. 
(13) 



202 COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 

Rutland was settled in 1770. The first settlement 
in the county was made in Danby in 1765. The first 
school, expressly for teachers, in the United States, was 
kept in Danby by Jacob Eddy. The oldest incorpo- 
rated school in the State, formerly known as " Rutland 
County Grammar School," is in Castleton, now called 
the State Normal School, one of three established by the 
State of Vermont. The oldest newspaper in Vermont 
that has been published continuously is the Rutland 
Weekly Herald, established in 1794, and is now pub- 
lished both daily and weekly. During the Revolu- 
tionary War there were important forts at Pittsford 




TROY CONFERENCE ACADEMY, POULTNEY, VT. 

and Rutland. The greatest battle ever fought within 
the boundaries of Vermont was that of Hubbard ton, in 
Rutland county, in 1777. The chief rivers of this 
county arc the Foultney, Pawlct, Hubbardton and the 
Otter Creek. Lake St. Catherine, sometimes called 
Lake Austin, in Wells and Poultncy, and Lake Bom- 
oseen in Castleton and Hubbardton, are the principal 



CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. 203 

lakes of the county, and are noted summer resorts 
with fine hotels, and have steamboats on their waters. 
The public schools throughout the county are liberally 
supported. The city of Rutland is the greatest railroad 
center in the State, and has nine banks, electric street 
railway, and a soldiers' memorial hall that cost $75,- 
000, in which is located a public library. This county is 
the largest in area, and the most populous in the State. 
The Troy Conference Academy at Poultney is an old 
institution of learning, ably conducted. The Vermont 
House of Correction, located at Rutland, is managed by 
three directors appointed by the governor of the State. 

T" ■ 

! 




HOWE SCALE WORKS, RUTLAND, VT. 



The Howe Scale Company, located at Rutland, is one 
of the largest scale manufacturers in the United States. 

At Rutland arc located large manufactories of cream- 
ery appliances and supplies, and of patent evaporators 
for sugar making. 



234 CO UNTIES OF VEBMONT. 

At Wallingford is an old established factory for the 
manufacture of hay forks, shovels and other kindred 
lines. 

West Rutland ranks next to Rutland in population 
and has extensive marble quarries and mills, with a 
capital amounting to several million dollars, and requir- 
ing a large number of men to carry on the work. 

Brandon and Pittsford are noted for their marble. 

Stoves were made at Pittsford a great many years 
ago. 

Poultney, Fair Haven, Castleton and Pawlet are noted 
for their slate products, which find sale in all parts of 
the world. 

Danby is one of the largest lumber-producing towns 
in the State, and charcoal is made there in large quan- 
tities. 

Proctor is a marble town ; its prosperity and growth 
are due to its great marble mills and quarries. 

The earliest iron and nail works in Vermont were 
started by Matthew Lyon in Fair Haven, in the last 
century. In 1796 a weekly paper was started in Fair 
Haven, and the postoffice there as early as 1792 was a 
distributing office for towns north of it. 

At Fair Haven and Hydeville, on the Castleton river, 
are falls which give valuable water power to a large 
number of manufacturing plants. 



COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 



235 



North— Eutland County 







5 



South — Massacluisetts. 
BENNINGTON COUNTY. 
Bounded: North bj Rutland county, east by Wind- 
bam county, south by Massachusetts, west by New- 
York. Shire towns, Bennington and Manchester. 
Number of towns, lY. Population, 20,448. Important 
towns and villages : Bennington, Pownal, Shaftsbury, 
Arlington, Dorset, Manchester, Beadsboro, Rupert. 
Incorporated with its present boundaries in 1781. 



206 COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 

r _ - f^ 

From 1778 to 1781 tins county extended from Massachu- 
f ^ ■^'t ^'^=^^ t ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ Canada and liad Bennington 
and Rutland for half shires. The 
first settlement was at Bennington 
in 1761. Manchester was settled in 
1764. It is now a noted summer 
resort, celehrated for its pure water 
and fine climate. Mount Equinox 
is near Manchester. The first 
convention of the settlers to provide 
for the defence of their rights 
MANCHESTER-SEMINARY ^gaiust the New Yorkors was held 
in Bennington in 1765. Catamount Tavern, where the 
Council of Safety, the first legislature or governing body 





OLD CATAMOUNT TAVERN AT BENNINGTON, WHERE THE 
COUNCIL OF SAFETY HELD ITS MEETINGS. 



CO UNTIES 01 VERMONT. 207 

of the independent State of Vermont, heldjts meetings, 
was located here. The site is marked by a large granite 
pedestal on which is engraved : " In enduring lienor of 
that love of Liberty, and of their Homes, displayed by 
the Pioneers of this Commonwealth. Forty-five feet 
east of this spot stood ' The Catamount Tavern,' erected 
about A. D. 1769. Destroyed by fire March 30, 
A. D, 1871. Within its walls convened 'The Council of 
Safety,' A. D. 1772-'78." 

The monument to celebrate the battle of Bennington is 
located at Bennington and is 301 feet 10|- inches high, 
to be exact. The convention which declared the inde- 
pendence of Vermont, Jan. 17, 1777, met in Dorset in 
July, 1776, and there took the first steps towards 
the formation of a new State. The first incorporated 
school in the State was in Bennington. The oldest en- 
dowed academy in the State is the Burr and Burton 




BURR AND BURTON SEMINARY, MANCHESTER, OLDEST 
ENDOWED ACADEMY IN THE STATE. 

Seminary in Mancliester. The public schools of the 
county are well supported. Bennington has fine 
school houses, and its schools are among the best in the 



208 CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. 

State. At Pownal is Oak Grove Seminary. The Ver- 
mont Soldiers' Home, supported bj the State, is located 
at Bennington, and old Vermont soldiers unable to sup- 
port themselves are provided with a home tliere, which 
is well conducted and managed by a board of trustees 
appointed by the governor. 

The rivers of the county are the head branches 
of the West and Deerfieid rivers, the Hoosac, Walloom- 
sac and Battenkill rivers and their brandies, and the 
head branches of tlie Otter Creek and the Pawlet, or 
Mettowee, River. 

Tliis county ranks tcntli in population. It was organ- 
ized the same year as Windliam. 




CO UNTIES OF VERMONT. 

NoKTH— Lamoille and Caledonia Counties. 



209 




South— Orange and Addison Counties. 



WASHINGTON COUNTY. 

Bounded : Kortli by Lamoille and Caledonia counties, 
east by Caledonia and Orange counties, south by Orange 
and Addison counties, west by Addison and Chittenden 
counties. Shire town, Montpelier. Number of towns, 20. 
Population, 29,600. Important towns and cities : Mont- 
pelier, Northlield, Berlin, Barre, Waterbury, Waitsfield, 
Marshfield, Cabot, Warren, Calais, Duxbury. Mont- 
pelier and Barre are cities ; both incorporated in 1894. 



210 



CO UNTIES 01 VERMONT. 




This county was incorporated in 
1810, as Jefferson county. The 
^— name was changed to Washington 
^, in 1814. Tlic first settlement was 
in Middlesex in 1783. Montpelier 
POST OFFICE, MONTPELiER. was scttlcd in 1786, and became 
the State capital in 1808. 
The State House is a fine building and contains tlie 
State library and many valuable documents and relics 
pertaining to Vermont. The legislature meets at Mont- 
pelier every two years. 




STATE HOUSE AT MONTPELIER. 



The general terms of the Supreme Court of Vermont 
are held in Montpelier. At Watcrbury is located the 
Vermont State asylum for the insane ; fine buildings, 
well located, and managed by three trustees appointed 
by the governor. 

Northfield is an important town ; it has excellent 
water power and slate quarries. 



COUNTJF..S OF VERMONT. 



211 



The rivers of the county are the Winooski andj its 
brancheg. The Slate Fish Elatchery is located at Eox- 




burj, and is managed by two commissioners appointed 
by the governor. There are small ponds in Calais and 
Woodbury. Berlin Pond in Berlin is larger and is 
much visited. 

The county has many good schools ; among them 
Montpelier Seminary ; Montpelier union schools ; Barre 



213 COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 

graded scliools ; Norwich Universit}^, Northfield ; God- 
dard Seminary, Barre ; Green Mountain Seminary, 
Waterbary Center ; and Barre, Waterbury, and North- 
field graded schools. 




CADETS OF NORWICH UNIVERSITY AT NORTHFIELD- 

Barre is the largest in population of any town or city 
in the county. Its rapid growtli is owing to the granite 
quarries worked so extensively there. It trebled in pop- 
ulation between 1880 and 1890, and is still growing. 



COUNTIES OF VERMONT. 

North —Franklin and Orleans Counties. 



213 




South— "Washington Connty. 
LAMOILLE COUNTY. 
Bounded : North by Franklin and Orleans counties, east 
by Orleans and Caledonia counties, south by Washington 
county, and west by Chittenden county. Shire town, Hyde 
Park. Number of towns, 10. Population, 12,831. Impor- 
tant towns and villages : Ilyde Park, Stowe, Morrisville, 
Johnson, Cambridge, Wolcott. Incorporated in 1835, 
The first court was held in 1837. The first settlement 
was in Cambridge in 1783. 
The next settlement was 
made in Johnson one year 
later by Mr. Samuel Eaton 
from New Hampshire, who 

GREEN MOUNTAINS-MOUNT MANS- l^^d paSSCd thrOUgh thc tOWU 

FIELD -STOWE. duriugthc French and In- 




214 CO UNTIES OF VEBMONT. 

dian, and Rcvolntionarj wars. The rivers .of this 
county are the Lamoille and its branches. The high- 
est mountain in Vermont, Mt. Mansfield, is in this 
county, in the town of Stowe. There are many ponds 
inthis county. The most remarkable are the Lake of 

the Clouds on Mount 
Mansfield ; Elmore Pond 
in Elmore, and North 
and South ponds in 
Eden. Morrisville has 
an academy and graded 
school. The Lamoille 
Central Academy is at 
ACADEMY AND^GRAD^EDjcHooL BUILDING, g^^e Park, and tlicre is 
a flourishing high school at Stowe. A State normal 
school is located at Johnson. 





STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, JOHNSON, VT. 



COU.VTIA'S' or VERMONT. 215 

At Morrisville, Johnson and "Waterville are valuable 
water-powers. Morristown is tlie most populous town in 
the county. 




STOWE HIGH SCHOOL. 



U'his county ranks twelfth in population, and was 
organized the hist of all the counties in the State. 







216 E VENTS IN HISTOR Y. 



EVENTS IN HISTORY. 

Lake Champlain Discovered, . . July 4, lOoO 
Fort St. Anne bnilt on Isle La Motte, . . 1CG6 

Settlement in Yernon, not after . . 1G90 

Fort bnilt by the English at Chimney Point, Vt., 1C90 
Fort Uummer Built, ..... I7'24r 
Settlements at Bellows Falls and at Springfield, 1753 
Bennington Settled, ..... 1701 

Ticonderoga, N. T., captured by Ethan Allen, 

May 10, 1775 
American Colonies Declared Independent, 

July 4, 1776 
Vermont Declared Independent, January 17, 1777 
Constitution of Vermont formed, . . . 1777 
Battles of Bennington and of Hubbardton, . 1777 

First Meeting of the Vermont Legislature, 

March 12, 1778 
Great Britain acknowledged the independence of 

the United States, 17S3 

Vermont Admitted to the Union . . 1791 
A State prison built, . • . . . . 1807 

Montpelier became the Capital, . . . 1808 

The first telegraph line opened in Vermont, . 1848 
The first railway passenger train in Vermont, 1848 

The Civil War began, 18G1 

The Civil War ended 1865 



ELEMENTS OF 
CIVIL GOVERNHENT OF VERMONT. 



IsTOTElS 



TALKS WITH THE CHILDREN, 



CHAPTER XXIT. 

FIRST SET— THE SCHOOL AND THE TEACHER. 

Note to the Teaches. — If your school is -within an incor- 
porated school district, let the exorcise in No. 1 lead to qites- 
tions on the school district and its officers, and to what a school 
district is. Then by means of the exercise in No. 2, or some- 
thing Hke it. proceed to the questions on the town. Those 
whose schools are within a town or town district will reach 
the town best by the exercise in No. 1, andean add or omit No. 2. 

1. Who hired the teacher? Give the name of the 
person, and the nan^.e of the offi(3e that person holds. Who 
bought the fuel for the school ? Who paid for the fuel ? 
AVho pays the teacher ? Give the name of the person 



218 ELEMENTS OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

who pays. Name the office of the person who pays. 
How do these persons come to liold their offices ? 
Whose money is used to pay the teacher ; to pay for the 
fnel ? "Whose school house is this ? 

2. If you were to ride in a carriage to the next vil- 
Itige, which way would you go ? Would you drive 
tlirough the fields ? Why not ? Where would you 
drive ? Wlio takes care of the roads ? Name of tlie 
person ? Name of the office of the person ? How 
came this person to have this office ? What officer paj's for 
taking care of the roads ? Name of the person ? Name 
of the office ? Whose money is used for taking care of 
the roads ? 

3. The town chooses certain officers, or persons to 
attend to its business. The town has money. The 
town has school houses. Then the town must be made 
up of people. Why ? " Hath a dog money ?" 

4. There is a school register in tlie teacher's desk ; 
records are kept in it. Who prepared the register ? 
Give the person's name; the name of his office. What 
State officer paid for the school register ? Name of 
the person ? Name of the person's office ? How came 
these persons to have their offices ? Whose money was 
used to pay for the school register ? 

5. The State chooses officers. The State has money. 
The State is made up of people. 

G. The county also is made up of the people of the 
several towns in it. How many towns in your county ? 



ELEMENTS OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 319 

How many towns in Yermont ? How many counties in 
the State ? Which is smallest — the town, county or 
State ? Which is largest ? 

1. Your teacher probably went to a teachers' meet- 
ing, called an institute, not long since. Tho county ex- 
aminer of teachers made the arrangements for this meet- 
ing. Where was it ? AYhen M'as it ? Teachers' examina- 
tions are held several times every j'car, in each county, 
by the county examiner. Most of the teachers have 
certificates from a county examiner. There are four- 
teen county examiners. Why ? 

8. The teacher wanted an educational paper. SJie 
wrote a letter and put some money in it ; she di- 
rected it to the publisher of the paper she wanted ; 
she put a stamp on the envelope, carried it to the post- 
office, and had the letter registered. Afterwards she 
received ths paper she had sent for, every month or 
week, for a year. 

9. Who received the letter at the post office ? Name 
of the person ? Office of the person ? Who made the 
stamp that was put on the letter? Who made the 
money that was paid for the stamp and that was put 
in the letter? Who carried the letter to the publisher, 
and who brought the paper to the teacher ? 

10. We say the United States does these things, 
because the United States hires persons to do them, and 
pays the persons for doing them. Some of these persons 
are called officers, some are contractors, some are clerks 



220 ELEMENTS OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

and workmen. The United States government then makes 
money and postage stamps for us and carries our n.ail. 
What if the United States should stop doing these 
things for a year ? 

SECOND SET— OmCERS. 

1. A few of the toion ojicers are: A moderator, 
clerk, treasurer, constable, tax collector, selectmen, listers, 
road commissioner, school directors, and town su[)er- 
intendent of schools. 

2. Some of the county officers are ; A sheiiff. 
State's attorney, two assistant judges, judges of probate, 
clerk, treasurer, examiner of teachers, and county com- 
missioner. 

3. Some of the State officers are: A governor, lieu- 
tenant-governor, treasurer, secretary of State, auditor of 
accounts, judges of the supreme court, and superintend, 
ent of education. 

4. A few United States officers ^vq: A president 
and vice-president, secretary of the treasury, postmaster- 
general, postmasters, railway postal clerks, and mail 



THIRD SET— TAXES. 

1. The town, the county, the State, the United 
States, get money by collecting taxes of the people. 

2. Town taxes are partly voted by the people of the 
town in town meeting, and partly they are assessed by 



ELEMENTS OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 221 

the select men as the law directs. They are collected by a 
tax collector of the town, and paid into the town 
treasury. 

3. County taxes are voted by the State legislature, 
or are assessed by the assistant judges. These taxes are 
paid to the county treasurer by the town treasurers, on 
the order of the selectmen, and the sum paid is col- 
lected for the town treasury as a part of the town tax. 

4. State taxes. The State, by law, lays a tax on 
certain corporations. This is paid by the corporations 
to the State treasurer. The State, by law, also lays a 
tax on the taxable polls and property of the State. These 
taxes are paid to the State from the several town treas- 
uiies, by the treasurers, on the order of the selectmen, 
and the sum paid is collected for the town treasury as a 
])art of the town tax. 

5. United States taxes are voted by Congress, and 
are collected by United States officers and paid into the 
United States treasury. 

FOURTH SET—ELECTIONS— LAW-MAKING. 

1. The town has annual town meetings to elect town 
officers, to vote taxes and to vote on other matters for 
the town ; and has also freemen's meetings, once in two 
years, to vote for town representative, for State and 
county officers, and for representatives to Congress ; and 
once in four years, to vote for electors for president and 
vice-president. The town elects such officers and votes 



222 ELEMENTS OF CIVIL O0VERNMEN2. 

such taxes as tlie State laws permit or direct the town 
to do. 

2. The county has two assistant judges, who sit in 
the county court witli the chief judge, and a&sess 
such taxes for the county as the law directs. They 
have charge of the county property and audit tlie 
county bills. 

3. The State has a legislature^ called the general 
assembly, made up of persons called representatives, 
who are elected, one from each town, and known as the 
"house of representatives;" also of senators from the 
counties, called the " senate," which body at present 
consists of thirty members. The general assembly 
makes laws for the State. These laws are usually signed 
by the governor. 

4. The United States has a Congress, composed of 
two bodies of men, known as the house of representa- 
tives and the senate, which makes the laws for the whole 
country. These are usually signed by the president. 

5. There are many disputes about what the law is 
and how it is to be applied. Men, called justices or 
judges, are chosen to settle these disputes. When they 
meet to hear and decide disputes they are said to hold 
court. In Vermont we haveseven judges of the supreme, 
or highest, court, who are elected by the legislature. 
This court meets at Montpelier three times a year. 
These meetings are called general terms of the supreme 
court. We also have a county court and court of chan- 



ELEMEyfTS OF CIVIL GOVERNMENl. 333 

eery in each colmt3^ A county court consists of a 
judge of the supreme court and two assistant judges, 
elected by the people of the county. Justice courts are 
held by justices of the peace, who are elected by the 
people of the towns; and in case of vacancy, they may 
be appointed by the governor. Probate courts, for the 
settlement of estates, are presided over by judges of pro- 
bate, who are elected by the people of the probate 
district, and who are also judges of the court of insol- 
vency. 

[For additional matter on this subject, both teachers and 
pupils are referred to the Civil Government in Conant's Ver- 
mont, which book contains the Geography, History, and Civil 
Government of Vermont] 



224 



IMPOR TA NT MO I W TA INS. 



GREEN MOUNTAINS OF VERMONT. 




No. 
1 



IMPOB TA NT MO UNTA INS. 225 

IMPORTANT MOUNTAINS IN VERMONT. 

Learn those whose names are printed in small capitals. 

Where Situated. 
Underhill 



9 
10 

11 

12 
13 
14 
15 

16 
17 

18 

19 

20 
21 



Name of Mountaii 
Mansfield Chust, 



Height. 
4,389 ft. 



KiLLiNGTOK Peak, 

Camel's Hump, 
Lincoln Mountain, 
Mansfield Nose, 

Jay Peak, 

Pico Peak, 

Equinox Mountain, 
Shrewsbury Peak, 
Mt. Pissah, 



4,221 " 

4,088 " 
4,078 " 
4,071 " 

4,018 " 

3,954 " 

3,847 '•' 
3,845 " 
3,800 " 

3,320 " 
3,148 « 



Ascutney Mountain, 

Eolus Mountain, 

Monadnock Mountain, 3,025 " 

Westmore Mountain, 3,000 " 

Haystack Mountain, 3,000 " 

Mt. Anthony, iJ,505 " 

Herrick Mountain, 2,692 " 

Blue Mountain, 2,200 " 

Grand View or ) i qm u 

Snake Mountain, ^ "^''^^^ 

Buck Mountain, 1,035 " 

Sugar Loaf, 1,003 " 



and Stowe. 

Mendon and 
Sherburne, 
near Rutl'nd. 

Duxbury and 
Huntington. 

Lincoln. 

( Underhill 
( and Stowe. 

^ Jay and 

I Pichford. 
Mendon and 
Sherburne. 

Manchester. . 

Shrewsbury. 

Westmore. 

^ Wcathersfield 
I and Windsor. 

Dorset. 

Lemington. 

Westmore. 

Wilmington. 

Bennington. 

Ira. 

Eyegate. 

Addison. 

Walthara. 
Ciiarlotte. 



QUj:sTfoys on veemont. 



QUESTIONS ON VERMONT. 

PREPARED BY EDWARD CONANT. 

When and by whom was Vermont first explored ? 

When and where was the first fort built in Vermont ? 

When and where was the first settlement in Vermont ? 

"When and where was the Constitution of Vermont adopted ? 

When and where was the government of Vermont first organ- 
ized under the Constitution ? 

Who was the first governor of Vermont? 

Who is the present governor ? 

When was Vermont admitted to the Union ? 

How many postoffioes had Vermont when admitted to the 
Union ? How many postoffices then in the United States ? 

How long was Vermont aa independent State before her 
admission to the Union? 

Who built the first steamboat seen in Vermont ? On what 
lake was it placed ? 

When was the first steamboat placed on Lake Champlaiu ? 

When did Montpelier become the capital of the State ? 

When was the first telegraph line opened in Vermont ? 

When was the first railroad passenger train run in Vermont ? 

When and where was the county in which you live first 
settled ? 

Who were Ethan Allen and Seth Warner ? In what war were 
they leaders? 

What do you know of Richard Wallace? 

What do you know of Benjamin Everest ? 

Who was Dr . Jonas Fay ? 

What did Judge Theopliilus Harrington say that made him 
famous ? 

Bound the State of Vermont. Bound the county you live iu; 
the town you live in. 



Q UESTIOXS ON VERMONT. 237 

How many towns in the county you live in ? 

How many counties in Vermont ? 

How many towns in Vermont ? 

What is the population of your town? of your county? of 
Vermont ? What county of Vermont has the largest population ? 
What the smallest ? 

How many cities in Vermont ? Name them . 

How many colleges in Vermont ? Where are they ? 

How many normal schools ? Where are they ? 

Where and when does the Vermont Legislature meet? 

Where are the State prison and the House of Correction ? 

Where are the State asylum for the insane, the Vermont 
industrial school, the sokliers' home ? 

Name the longest river wholly in Vermont. 

Name the three largest lakes wholly in Vermont. 

Name ten Vermont rivers emptying into the Connecticut River ; 
name three rivers emptying into Lake Memphremagog ; name 
five rivers emptying into Lake Champlain ; name two rivers 
emptying into the Hudson Eiver. 

Name the five highest mountains in Vermont ; give the height 
of each and name the town or towns in which each is. 

Name any rivers in your town ; name the lakes or ponds in 
your town ; name the mountains in your town . 

These cpiestions can be added to by the teacher or varied ta 
suit the wants of the school. 



^ \^\\>ii|:' ijiii/f 






— [Advertisement.]— 

ANNOUNCEMENT.'^ 




CONMNT'S 

Geopplif, HisloFj aod Civil Gov't 

OF VERMONT. 

Edited by Prof. Edward Conant, 

Principal of State Noniial School, Kandolph, and ex- 
State Superintendent of Schools ol Vermont. 



" Conant's Yermont " consists of a geogra- 
phy, history and civil government of the 
State, al l in one book . The publishers have 
issued a new edition of the book, containing 
changes in school laws, and other new fea- 
tures. Trincipal Edward Conant of the Ran- 
dolph Normal School, the author, has spared 
no pains to have it correct in every detail. 
In the historical part. Mr. Conant has been assisted by State Librarian 
Iliram A. Iluse of Montpelier. and other well known historians and educa- 
tors of the State. Alieady the book has been adopted in the schools of 
several counties and it is expected will be used in every grammar and high 
school of the State. The work is printed from new "type in long primer, 
well leaded, and is profusely illustrated. 

Among the illustrations are pictures of the marble, granite, slate and 
soapstone quarries, Howe and Fairbanks Scale works. Esiey Organ works, 
Billings Library Building, Norman Williams Library, Park and Fountain at 
St. Albans, Soldiers' Home, Ijennington JNIonumenr, llubbardton Monument, 
Fort Dummer, Fort Ticonderoga, Fort Crown Point, Burlington Harbor, 
Newport, Vt., State Normal Schools, State House. Bellows Falls Water- 
power, with views of various Mountains, Lakes and Rivers of the State and 
public buildings in several towns. Eight engraved maps were made espe- 
cially for this work. 

This book meets a demand in our schools for a text book on Vermont, and 
all Teachers and Educators welcome a State book so well adapted for all 
.schools in the State, covering its History, (leography and Civil (iovernment, 
and compiled by so able an author as I'rof- Conant- The publishers have 
embodied many new features in the work and take pride in the same. The 
book is a 12-mo. size, and contains 292 pages, handsomely and strongly bound 
in cloth. Every county receives attention, as regards its prominent features, 
and the book is as near perfect as possible on the subjects treated. No 
School History, Geography or Civil Government with Constitution of Ver- 
mont has been issued for a number of years. 

Sample copies, by mail, prepaid, ^I.IO ; introduction, Si -00. 

Special price in large quantities for scliool introduction. 

THE TUTTLE CO., Publishers, 

Rutland, Yt. 



CO p 



— [Advertisement.] — 

From CONANT'S VERMONT. 



l 



I l:-- 



BE^JNIXGTO^' BATTLE MO>;UMENT. 



— [Advertisement. ] — 

New Primary Historical Reader of Vermont 

Ex-Lt.-Gov. Geo N. Dale writes the publishers as follows : 
Island Pond, Vt., December 29th, 1894. 
THE TUTTLE COMPANY, 

Rutland, Vt. 
My Deak Sirs -. 

"Your attention has 
been attracted to one of 
the greatest educational 
wants of the State, viz.: 
A good local history for 
our primary schools. 
Children can be taught 
the significance of history 
in no other way as well as 
from events near by . The 
ingenious man who sup- 
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book which shall thus 
teach the uses of historj', 
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and make the subject com- 
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will be in the field without a eompetit( 
given the subject no thought as to formulating a theory of such 
a work and can say no more than has occiirred to you already, 
viz.: Make it clear, plain, within the easy comprehension of 
the student, and so that each event or incident dealt with shall 
show a relation to the life and jmrposes of the State. * * * 
****** Ijj regard to a history of each county : If you 
accompany each with a neat little county map, together with a 
sketch of its settlement, where the settlers came from, their 
character, habits, purposes, etc., it might idd to its interest and 
iisefulness. Of course each would, of necessity, be very brief, 
comprehensive, and pure in a literary point of view, so as to 
educate the literary taste as well as impart historical informa- 
tion." I remain, very sincerely yours, 

GEO. N. DALE. 




Of couii 



have 



• — [Advertisement.] — 

Newport Centee, Vt., March 20, 1895. 
THE TUTTLE CO. 

Gentlemen : — I think it very necessary that our chiklreu 
shonhT know more of the historj^ of their own State, and would 
heartilj' endorse your work, as I know it would be welcomed by 
all who love the Green Mountain State . I should like to see 
Conant's Vermont used here, and although I have not had the 
pleasure of examining it myself, I know of many teachers that 
heartily endorse it. Wishing you every success in the work, 
I am, yours truly, 

F. J. DAEK. 



Coventry, Vt., Aprils, 1895. 
THE TUTTLE CO., Publishers, 

Kutlaud, Vt. 
Gentlemen : — From the School Directors' meeting at New- 
port, I brought home some specimen pages of j^our new Pri- 
mary Historical Reader of Vermont, gave them to my boj's, and 
have since handed them to one or two others, with the result that 
each one has read them through (several of them at one sitting), 
and then inquired for the completed book . This con\dnces me 
that the work interests the children and will help meet a long- 
felt want. Please send me a complete copy as soon as pub- 
lished. 

Yours fraternally, 

JOHN C. LANGFOED, 

Superintendent of Schools. 

Morgan, Vt., April 23, 1895. 
THE TUTTLE CO. 

Gentlemen : — I received sample pages of your new Primary 
Historical Eeader, at the county meeting, and I have read every 
word with pleasiire, and I hope to see a complete copy of the 
book before we adopt the school books. I feel that if the 
whole book is as good as the sample pages, it ought to be in 
every school in Vermont. Conant's Vermont I remember five 
years ago, and if a complete book could have been shown to the 
county board (of which I was a member), it would have been 
adopted for general use, in my opinion. Wishing you success 
in your Vermont Text Books, and hoping to have some in our 
schools before the'j^ear is gone, I am. 

Very truly, 

H. A. BAETLETT. 



— [Advertisement.] — 

THE THREE VERMONT TEXT-BOOKS. 




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fS;" Couaut's Vermont you ai<- lainiliar with. Vermont Primary- 
Historical Reader is a new book illnstrated with 100 cuts, written 
especially for Primary schools, third j:rade, and for supplementary- 
work, it is attractively bound, and will please the boys and girls 
of Vermont. Conaut's Drill Book in English is now in its third 
edition. These louks should be seen by every school Superintend- 
ent, school Director and Teacher who has not examined them. 



CON M NT'S 



Gcoffraplij, Hislorj, aid M kmmi I 

OF VERMONT. ^; 

EDITED BY EDWARD CONANT, A. M., ^r 

I'l i.>,.ii,ni ,-,+• ^tite Normal School, Randolph, and ex-State Superin- ' I'' 
tendeut of Education of Vermont. 



-^A 



llie Tuttle Co., Rutland, Vt., are the publishers of [ 

" Conant's Vermont," in three parts, consisting of a geog- f^ 

ra])h3\ history, and civil government of the State, all in ci 

one book. Principal Edward Conant, of the Randolph ^ 

Normal School, the author, has spared no pains to have it cj- . 

correct in every detail. In the liistorical part, Mr. Co- ^ 

nant has been assisted by State Librarian Hiram A. Huse ^> 

of Montpelier, and other well-known historians and edu- ; 

cators of the State. It is expected it will be used in !> 

e^ ery school of the State. The work is printed from new ^^^ 

type in long primer, leaded, and profusely illustrated. ^^^ 

Tliis book meets a long-felt want in our public schools ; ff:^' 

and all Teachers and Edi;cators should Avelcome a State ty^l 

school book that is so well adapted for all schools in the > 

State, covering its Historj-, Geography, and Civil Govern- ts 

meut, including the Constitution, and compiled by so able ^ - 

an author as Prof. Conant. The publishers have em- ^^^y 

bodied many new features in the work, and take pride in S^^' 

the same. Every countj'- receives due attention as regards 'iM^t 

its prominent features, and the book is as near complete f^ ' ' 

as possible. No School History and Geography of Ver- \ 

moiit has been issued for a number of years. i^, 

The law retpures special instruction in Vermont Geog- r 

laphy, History and Civil Government. J, 

Sample copies, by mail, prepaid, $1.25. 

Special price in quantities for school introduction I 



Conant's Civil Government 

J OF VERMONT. 

/a To meet the demand for a good treatise on the Civil 

A Government of Vermont alone, the publishers of Conant's 

f,^ Vermont have pubhshed the chapters on Civil Govern- 

\ meut in a book by itself, cloth bound, containing about 

^ 100 pages. Price for introduction to schools only 50 cl 

^ Rami)le copies 1)3' mail, 00 cts. 

^i THE TUTTLE CO., Publishers, 

^^ Kutland, Vt. 






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[estaislishkd 1832.] 

THE TUTTLE COMPANY, 



[lNCOKPOKATl!n,] 



TfteYBrmontJDtJDins House 

M.VNUFACTrnEES OF THE C'ELEBHATED 

MARBLE CITY MILLS WRITING PAPER, 

SCHOOL PRACTICE PAPER, SCHOOL CRAYONS, INK, PENCILS, etc., 

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TWO STORES CROWDED WITH GOODS!!! 

Send tor our 16-p. Price Lists of School Supplier. 



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THE HEW 

PRIMARY HISTORICAL READER 

Just the hook for Vermont Boys and Girls. Only 60 cts. 
by mail, f>repaid. Introduction, 48 cts. 






I- 
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Webster's New Internatioual Dictionary, with Denisou's Patent In- 
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Webster's . . Unabridged .-. Dictionary^ 

[REPRINT,] 

Containing about 100,000 words; size, S x 11, and 5 inches thick. 
Cloth binding, $1.50. Sheep binding, ^)iM. Half liussia binding, 
$2.85. This boftk is about the size of the regular Webster's Inter- 
national Dictionary, but sliould not be confounded with it. The 
copyright has run out on the original book and this is a reprint of 
Unabridged at a reduced price. They are cheap and desirable 
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No- 1 Holder, Black Walnut and Iron Fi-ame, $5.00. 

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ONANT'S DRILL BOOK IN ENGLISH, 

Suitable to accomjiany or supiilemciit any English Grammar, or 
fornse as a supplementary Header in any school. It has been thor- 
oughly tested. This is the third edition. It is used in all theVer- 
niKTiit Normal Schools and in Academics and Qraded Scliools. 12mo. 
clotii. Introduction price, 40 cents to schools. ■ Sample mailed on 
receipt of (iO cents 

THE TUTTLE COMPANY, 

11 az 13 OElSrXER, SX-, I?,XJTL-A.lsriD, -vx. 



i 






mmi^mi('. 



^<^' _,,,_, 



uermoi}t5 f 

I609~174« 

HBN FRANCE AND m 



1749-1765. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE GRAJ^TS 

AND 

NEW YORK CLAIMS. 

1777. 

NHW^ CONNECnCUT (FOR SIX MUN'i i 

1777-1791. 
VERMONT -~ i N DEPEN DENT STATE. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



014 065 886 8 # 



1791. 

FOIJRTBBNI-H STATE ADMITTED TO THE IJNIOn = 





rosjTs. 



t6@e-'ST. ANNE -ISLE LA A 



MMER — BRATTLHBORO. 



SETTLEMENTS. 



1890- 

17S3- 

1761- 

1762 

1764" 

1764- 

1764- 

1766- 



• VERNON. 
■BELLOWS 

BENNlNGTO-v. 
-NEWBURY. 
-WINDSOR, 
'MANCHESTER. 

GUILDHALL. 
-MIDDLE3URY. 



1766 --VERH: ■ - ■ • 
HTO-RUTI- 
1773--BURLt;s^jToK- 
1774 -Sr. ALRANS. 
it'B4 — LUDLOW. 

■; --MONTPELIHR, 

i .-.• ::i -ST. JOHNSBURY. 
i793-~ NEWPORT. 



